Adequate, safe and reliable drinking water supply is essential for the sustainable development of major cities, and it is arguably the most important public health service provided by governments.
The World Health Organisation concluded that every $1 invested in water would give an economic return of between $3 and $34. Even at the low end of the spectrum, a $3 return on investment should be an easy financial decision, and yet 1 out of 10 people around the world still live without piped water at home and millions more turn on their taps to find intermittent service and poor quality.
Karachi’s drinking water quality is not wholesome, due to microbial contamination that results from aging water supply lines crossed with leaking sewer lines.
Karachi’s water also faces chemical contamination of arsenic, chromium, copper, mercury, and more, which primarily occurs when untreated industrial wastewater is discharged into surface raw water sources; such contaminants can even leach from the water pipes themselves. Karachi and Flint, Michigan in the US share a common concern over lead poisoning.
Finances over health
What happened in Flint is no tragic accident; it is the very definition of a man-made water crisis resulting from the prioritisation of finances over public health and the subjugation of democracy in a city that is majority African-American and Latino.
An “emergency manager” appointed by the governor of Michigan made the decision to switch supply from the Detroit water system to the Flint river. Based on budget estimates, he reasoned that spending $5 million for an additional two years sourcing from the Detroit system before a new pipeline could be finished was simply too costly. As a result, the state is now grappling with how it will pay upwards of $1.5 billion to make the mandatory infrastructure repairs.
The residents of Flint are, of course, paying the greatest burden, some of whom will face a lifetime of healthcare costs from lead poisoning. Stories continue to emerge of once straight-A students now struggling to concentrate and maintain average grades. Others tell of skin rash, headaches, and even miscarriage.
Adding to the sense of outrage, Governor Snyder’s administration dismissed complaints about the water for more than a year while sending bottled water to its local staff.
Alarming levels of lead
The use of lead is common in industries around Karachi. Lead is used in cable sheathing, lead acid batteries, pigments, solders, alloys, plastic stabilisers and rust inhibitors. Lead compounds are used in plumbing fittings, and as solder in water distribution systems. Lead pipes are used in water distribution systems. Tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead are used as antiknock compounds in petrol.
A local study that examined lead levels in tap water and the groundwater in Karachi showed that almost all samples had lead levels that exceeded the WHO's drinking guideline value of 10 micrograms per litre [Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th ed., 2011].
There is significant association of blood lead levels in children with consumption of drinking water with elevated levels of lead. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses a reference level of 5 micrograms per decilitre to identify children [aged one year to five years] with high blood lead levels.
The United Nations General Assembly, through resolution 64/292 of July 28, 2010, explicitly recognised the human right to water and sanitation, acknowledging that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the realisation of all human rights.
The resolution calls upon states and international organisations to provide financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer to help countries, in particular developing countries, in their mandate to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all.
Earlier, in November 2002, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted general comment No 15 on the right to water, which says, under article I.1, that the human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity.
It is a prerequisite for the realisation of other human rights. It also highlighted the right to water as the right of everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable and physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses.
Political will required
Despite the fact that climate change is putting increasing pressure on water resources, creating more turbulent weather patterns and causing drought, there is enough water to meet everyone’s human rights. Still absent is the political will to prioritise clean water.
Civil society must push their political representatives to think beyond the next election cycle because water systems cannot be funded in a single year’s budget. From Flint to Karachi, governments at all levels must engage in the deep planning required to fund water infrastructure for generations to come.
Flint’s story is a case of environmental racism at its worst, where money was prioritised over human rights and democracy. The only possible good that could come from this tragedy is if Karachi and other global municipalities are spurred to invest in water infrastructure because by health and economic measurements, prevention costs far less than treatment.
FH Mughal is a senior water and sanitation specialist based in Karachi, and Darcey O’Callaghan is the international policy director of Food & Water Watch, based in Washington DC, USA.
This article first appeared on The Third Pole.