Economics professor Arun Kumar is one of the most widely quoted authors on black money. He has authored The Black Economy in India (Penguin, 1999) and Indian Economy since Independence: Persisting Colonial Disruption (Vision Books, 2013).
In an interview to India Legal’s Editor-in-Chief, Inderjit Badhwar and Associate Editor Meha Mathur, Kumar describes how this hasty drive will adversely impact demand, employment and investments. Excerpts:
When and under what circumstances is demonetisation used as an economic tool and how common is this practice worldwide?
As a tool for economic surgery it has been used elsewhere, but not in the context it has been used in India. Where it has been used largely is where currency has totally lost its value, like the Soviet Union or Weimar Republic – where you had to carry sacks full of currency to buy your daily supply. There the currency was abolished and new currency created. But India is not in that situation.
Was the Indian economy facing a crisis that needed such a swift and heavy surgical strike?
Not at all. In fact, our macro-economic indicators were reasonably good. But the real point is, what does this move achieve? According to the prime minister, there are two objectives. One is [curbing] terrorist financing and counterfeit currency – and the second is that the black economy has become very large and it is the source of poverty and all the problems in India so we need to get rid of the black economy.
The question is – does demonetisation overcome these two problems. As far as counterfeit notes are concerned, they are only 400 per million, which is very tiny. And according to RBI, there is only Rs 400 crore worth of counterfeit currency.
Total currency in circulation is Rs 17.5 lakh crore. It’s not even “oont ke muh me zeera”, as they say in Hindi. It’s negligible.
Terrorists need financing. So, they print these fake notes and circulate it. But once they have given the money to another person, it’s circulating within the economy. So they have to print more and more money. That is what you have to stop. And how do you stop that? Not by demonetisation, because there are state actors involved in counterfeiting. They can counterfeit the new currency notes also.
India’s growth rate, trade, GDP and forex reserves have been relatively steady. Why meddle so drastically with a system that seemed to be producing results?
This is a complete miscalculation that you have to overcome black economy through this measure. Understand the meaning of this. First you earn income, out of which you save and you create wealth. Whatever income you have, you consume a part, you save a part of it, and that saving you invest in various assets. That gives you your wealth. Wealth is held as a portfolio – you can put it in real estate gold, share market or cash.
Cash is only one component of your wealth – possibly 1% of your wealth. The black economy, which, according to my estimate is 62% of the GDP, for the current GDP of Rs 150 lakh crore, we are generating Rs 93 lakh crore this year as black income. Black wealth could be three times more so about Rs 300 lakh crore. Out of that, rupees three lakh crore would be held as cash which we can call black money.
So there is a difference between black wealth and black income?
Yes, black income, black money and black wealth, all three are different.
This is the common mistake that people make. They think the three are same. Black money is only 1% of your black wealth. So suppose you are completely successful in eliminating three lakh crore, you are only eliminating 1% of your black wealth and 3% of your black income.
The next point is, will you be able to eliminate even Rs 3 lakh crore? People have found ways of recycling this. On the day this announcement was made, jewellery shops were reported to be open till 3 am, issuing backdated receipts for purchase of gold, etc. One businessman said he had Rs 20 crore rupees and he gave four months’ advance salary to his workers. They will deposit it in their banks. So, your black gets utilised.
Then, the Jan Dhan Yojana is being used in large amount in rural areas. The landlord can tell, say, 100 people to take Rs 20,000 each from him, deposit, and return it to him later. So you won’t be able to demobilise even Rs 3 lakh crore, at best you may demobilise Rs 50,000 to Rs 70,000 crore, so neither of the two objectives that the PM has stated will be fulfilled.
Further, you are only demobilising Rs 3 lakh crore at the most for one year but black income generation will continue as before. Say, by selling spurious drugs, narcotic drugs, charging capitation fee, under-invoicing and over-invoicing in business and trade and so on. Therefore, cash will again be generated here. And you are introducing Rs 2,000 notes so storage of black will be even more easy. Therefore, you are defeating your own logic that large denomination currency is used to stash black money so it needs to be demonetised.
We all know India has a huge and thriving parallel economy. Perversely, this parallel economy, run entirely on cash, has produced results in terms of employment, consumer demand, rural credit, informal “banking,” and money-flow. How will demonetisation hit/hurt this sector? This is also being projected as a Robin Hood kind of measure – taking it from the rich and giving it to the poor. That is the political message going out. Is this a pro-poor measure?
No. basically, it’s not a parallel economy. Black economy and white economy are largely intertwined in India. So when you sell your real estate property you generate black and white income simultaneously. When you produce sugar, you don’t show 10% and show 90% of the output. That’s why when the black economy is affected the white economy is also affected. This move, which is supposed to impact the black economy, is affecting the white economy terribly. Demand is going down.
As someone gave a very good analogy, if you take out 85% blood from somebody’s body and then put 5% into it, what will happen to that person? He will die. Similarly, when you take out 85% liquidity from the economy and slowly replace it by 5%, then the circulation of income goes down.
Footfalls in malls are falling, charging of mobile phones is declining, the balloon seller is not able to sell balloons, the small trader is not able to sell goods. Even the large trader is not able to sell produce because discretionary expenditure has slowed down. For example, instead of buying a shirt I decide to buy it next month. So circulation of income is slowing down, leading to a decrease in demand. When demand slows down, production slows down, employment drops and investment falls. And when investment falls it will have long-term consequences.
If this goes on for a month or two, investment will decline and, the impact will persist for more than a year. Anyway the cash shortage will not be sorted out very quickly so demand will be affected for much longer than 50 days.
You have to replace the Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes worth Rs 14.5 lakh crore that you printed over 15 years and you have to replace it very quickly. That is not possible because you need paper and ink which are largely imported. And ink is in short supply, which is why they floated a tender a few days back. According to Business Standard, it will take 108 days to replace the old currency, provided there is no shortage of ink or paper. And if you are printing Rs 100 notes, then you need to print 10 times more notes than for a Rs 1,000 note and that will take a lot more time.
The next point is, people are hoarding currency because they are not sure when the supply will be normalised. As a result, the demand for currency will be 50% more. The people who will suffer the most are those in the unorganised sector, as they don’t have credit or debit cards or card readers. They are the ones who need more currency in circulation. The entire agriculture is unorganised sector. This sector is also a major component of manufacturing and services.
Is there the danger of a huge chunk of people being left “economically disabled” for a long time to come?
That’s what is happening. So the balloonwala’s earning has dropped sharply. A beggar complained that people are not giving alms now and she had four children and one of them died for lack of food. Even those who don’t deal with Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes are being impacted.
In rural areas, farmers are not able to buy seeds and fertilisers. Arhtiyas (rural commission agents) don’t have money to lend. So, sowing next season may also be affected. Money is what you don’t eat. With money you buy food, clothes and services. So money is for circulation. It’s like the blood flow of the body, which keeps everything going. If there is a shortage of that then there is a problem.
At the moment we are feeling the discomfort. When do you think will real pain start?
The real pain for the poor is already on. Real pain for the middle classes is less because we can use credit cards, etc. It will start when our income gets affected. When production slows then middle class people will face lay off. And they will begin to feel the pain. When truckers go on strike, which is a possibility. If the government had prepared properly and managed to create enough supply of new currency then possibly this pain would have been less.
The other option would have been benign neglect.
Coming to options, this move does not sort out the black economy but creates problems for the whole economy. The point is that black economy has not been created yesterday. It has been growing for 70 years. So this problem can’t be solved overnight. There is no magic wand.
What you could have done immediately is to appoint a Lokpal to bring about accountability in the system; one of the key ways of tackling black money. Businessmen, politicians, bureaucrats, police and judiciary are not accountable. So how do you bring about accountability? That’s the key. If you can bring about accountability of these sections then you can solve the problem of black money.
So RTI for political parties is essential but they do not agree. Whistleblowers are very important because they are the ones who expose the scams – be it Vyapam or Adarsh etc. But instead of strengthening the Whistleblowers Act it is sought to be diluted.
Then we are not doing much about simplifying direct tax. There is GST but more important is the Direct Tax Code Bill. You have to simplify your direct taxes. Intelligence agencies tab Hawala on daily basis but you are not doing anything about that. So, there are many things you can do immediately because you have the laws.
That shows the intention is not there. If you had taken recourse to these laws, you could have targeted the 3% of people who indulge in black money without adversely affecting the 97% not generating black incomes. In fact, 97% are already the sufferers due to the black economy and now another burden is placed on them, without solving the problem of the black.
And you have not offered carrot to those who have by default become part of the black economy.
No, the Income Declaration Scheme was there till September 30, wherein you could disclose the black amount for 15% penalty. The finance minister said: “Please come clean, then you can sleep in peace.” But as long as you say we will not take steps against the corrupt businessman he is happy. So wherever amnesty has been given that has not worked.
Voluntary disclosure scheme has been implemented six times in India. The government gave an undertaking in the Supreme Court in 1997 that we will not have this scheme ever again, the reason being that it’s unfair to the honest person. The honest businessman’s capital is rising slowly because he is paying full tax. The dishonest businessman’s capital is rising fast. So the honest one says let me also become dishonest.
The CAG report on voluntary disclosure scheme in 1997 said two things. People have become habitual tax offenders. Those who declared in the earlier five schemes also declared in the sixth scheme. They think another scheme will come, let me generate more black income today. Therefore after 1997 they have not done a VDS, although the IDS of 2016 was also like VDS.
The Mauritius route is also like a VDS. You take the money out, bring it back through round tripping and so you don’t pay tax. So the system has created these easy ways of generating black income. We have wonderful laws. But we don’t implement them. Political will is needed to implement laws.
Another thing, cash does not necessarily mean black. So of the Rs 17.5 lakh crore, Rs 14.5 lakh crore is in Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes. Out of that, at least 50% would be with businesses. If you go to petrol pump or shops you see wads of currency notes with the cashier at the end of the day. Railways, airport – everywhere it’s needed.
Companies have petty cash. Bulk of the cash is white which has to be used for circulating the economy. As to households, an ordinary peon generating Rs 10,000-Rs 20,000 of black is nothing compared to the size of the black economy. One Madhu Koda generating Rs 6,000 crore of black is more than the entire black income generated by all class C and D employees.
The misnomer is that black economy means cash. That is where the understanding of Modi is lacking. He thought that if he demobilises the cash the black economy will collapse.
But that sounds more like a self-serving political ideology….
The political ideology is that I will be the hero of the poor, that I have eliminated the black economy that was affecting the poor. What he might do if that Rs 2 lakh crore doesn’t come back is to say I am giving 10 crore families Rs 20,000 each.
These rich people had stolen this amount, so I have taken it back from them and distributed it to the poor. But it can fall flat for the following reason: while they may get Rs 20,000 one shot, if they lose their employment, they will lose far more over the year.
So as you are saying its very basic genetic structural reforms and which means gradualism. Because reforms can’t come without gradualism. Like Chandrashekhar had to mortgage gold as that was a crisis situation. Even to some extent wheat control orders of Indira Gandhi in 1972 were passed during shortage times.
But the point is that those (measures) were affecting where the crisis was. This is affecting everything.
So it is a billion dollar political blunder.
The trading community will desert him as far as I can tell, because traders are very upset. Farmers are upset, workers are upset.
What they will do is to restore money supply to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai so that the national press says the queues are dwindling. But there will be little money in villages. They have to walk long distances to get to the bank for money and often return empty handed. And there’s little money in Tier-2 and Tier-3 towns.
Now they will go after lockers….
No, that will affect only the middle class. The poor doesn’t use lockers.
But you get money for political parties from this 3%.
But if you have the political will to do this you should also have had the political will to do that. Like, a Uttar Pradesh leader is reported to have told funders to take back old notes and give new notes. So, political funding won’t stop. Now it will be easier with Rs 2,000 notes. They won’t be harmed. I was talking to a commissioner who said we don’t touch those cases where we know there is political backing. Anyway, Income Tax department doesn’t have the capability to handle so many cases.
It’s just one man’s mind at work…
He just didn’t consult anyone. In his address he said that the departments of government and bankers are hearing this for the first time.
We have to look at Article 21 of the Constitution. Property right has been granted by the constitution. Your job has been recognised as a fundamental right.
He is not doing that. He is replacing old currency with new currency. He is not depriving you of your property.
But he is taking away livelihoods.
That’s the consequence of this move. As far as property is concerned, he is not taking away your property. It’s a legal tender saying “I promise to pay” and government is paying with new currency – of equal value. But it creates recession. It’s a foolish step. Any policy can go wrong.
The Supreme Court can condemn you for the process.
The Supreme Court is a responsible institution. It can say anything orally, scold, but when it comes to judgment it is circumspect. PILs have been filed and government wants them consolidated in the Supreme Court but the court has refused that till now. But ultimately it is quite likely that the court will say it’s a policy issue and therefore we can’t do anything.
One man is trying to deliver on something that is undeliverable, against the advice of everybody else.
That’s not how you run such a complex country like India. If I were there I would have asked 100 people. He didn’t trust his own cabinet and took away their mobiles and confined them to a hall till 8 pm. Urjit Patel called all bankers and told them to watch an important announcement. This is absolutely not the way to make such a complex policy in a complex country like India.
This article first appeared on India Legal.
