Starting late July, the Anamalai hills near Munnar in Kerala will be resplendent, clad in a purplish blue carpet. The famed neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana) will burst into flower – a phenomenon that occurs once in 12 years. Hundreds of thousands of visitors are expected to flock to the Munnar hills to behold the spectacle that lasts up until October.
Munnar is home to the highest concentration of neelakurinji plants in the country – spread over 3000 hectares of rolling hills. The spectacular mass flowering of neelakurinji happens only once in 12 years – each shrub reproduces once in its life time and dies after flowering. It takes another 12 years for the seeds to sprout again and grow up to 30 to 60 centimetres high, for another glorious bloom.
The neelakurinji belongs to the genus Strobilanthes, which is a tropical plant species found in Asia and Australia. There are about 450 species of Strobilanthes in the world, of which 146 are found in India and of them, about 43, in Kerala.
The blooming of neelakurunji this year has ensured the fourth most important place for the Western Ghats in the Lonely Planet’s 2018 Best in Asia.
According to Prasad Ambattu, a journalist and a resident of Munnar, there are two 12-year cycles simultaneously going on in the Anamalai hills. In one cycle, the last neelakurinji bloom was in 2006 and the next one is now, in 2018. In the other cycle, the last bloom was in 2014.
The mass flowering neelakurinji provides a feast for butterflies, honeybees and other insects. The purple flowers hold a large amount of nectar, which especially attract the eastern honeybee (Apis cerana).
“This honey from the neelakurinji is very special. It lasts for about 15 years without getting spoilt,” said G Rajkumar, chief coordinator of the NGO Save Kurinji Campaign Council. He added that the honey is supposed to have medicinal properties.
Rajkumar also said that the ecosystem that supports the kurinji plants plays a major role in bringing water to the Amaravati river which is a tributary of the Kaveri river, a main water source for Tamil Nadu. “The Kurinji reserve is in the catchment area of Amaravati river,” he said.
The tourist boom begins
The forest department expects a large number of tourists to arrive in Munnar during this season, said Lekshmi Rajeshwari, forest range officer at Devikulam, which is part of the Eravikulam National Park, the prime destination where neelakurinji will bloom.
“One million tourists, including travellers from Europe and the United States, are expected to visit this amazing place this year,” she said. “Besides [Eravikulam], villages such as Kanthalloor, Vattavada, Kottakamboor and Kadavari, which are close to the Munnar hills, and Kodaikanal and Palani hills in Tamil Nadu also have climate favourable for neelakurinji,” said Rajeshwari.
In October last year, the Kerala chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan had communicated through a social media post that around eight lakh (0.8 million) tourists are expected for the bloom season and the state government aims to introduce a series of measures to protect the Eravikulam National Park. As an unprecedented number of tourists will visit the region, the government plans to restrict the numbers entering the park and the amount of time they spend there, said Vijayan’s post. Action on waste management and required tourist facilities are to be in place to safeguard the national park.
Encroachment on the neelakurinji habitats
The Kurinjimala Sanctuary was declared in 2006, during the previous mass flowering event, to protecting the neelakurinji and its habitat. “This sanctuary gives the rarest, most spectacular view of neelakurinji,” said G. Baburaj, an environmentalist. “But it is eyed by many,” he added, elaborating that the area is being encroached on by resorts, hotels, plantations and small farms.
According to Rajkumar, even at the beginning of 1980s there were attempts from many people to destroy neelakurinji shrubs and plant trees which would provide monetary benefits in future. “Many people illegally hold this land which is home for the neelakurinji,” he alleged.
To put an end to the encroachments, the government of Kerala passed an ordinance in 2006, for protection of the Kurinjimala Sanctuary. Since a number of settlements came under the area in the sanctuary, which was raising a stir among locals, the government, in the ordinance, authorised a sub-collector to adjudicate land claims after hearing complaints.
The ordinance stated: “Over 3,200 Hectares of Neelakurinji garden in Kottakamboor and Vattavada Villages of Devikulam taluk in Idukki are declared protected areas as per the Ordinance 6-10.2006, no.(p) 36/2006/F& WLD. There are settlements upper and lower area of . Lands with Pattayam (title deed) are exempted in the primary Ordinance. Any claims on land would be settled by the Devikulam Sub-collector after hearing the complaints.”
The proposed land that came under this ordinance included 2,041 houses, more than 53 government offices, 12 schools, 62 temples, churches and even banks. There were allegations against local politicians for forging title deeds of land ownership in the areas declared as protected.
However, for Kurinjimala to be declared as a wildlife sanctuary permanently under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, there is need for the settlement officer (in this case the Devikulam sub-collector) to go through the settlement of rights process for those who have inhabited or have rights over the land. This process has not happened since 2006, and the next bloom is going to happen in a few weeks time. Strong vested interests have been preventing the process.
“The main issue is that there are illegal encroachments within the 3,200 hectares identified and these influential people have been obstructing surveys and the settlement process,” said a retired forest officer who was involved with the sanctuary delineation process.
“Even though 3,200 hectares is a small area, it is significant for two reasons,” he added. “One, it is a good habitat for kurinji and its associate species. Two, it strengthens contiguity with five other protected areas in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.”
In November 2017, the Kerala Government decided to redraw the boundaries of the Kurinjimala Sanctuary – a move which had invited criticism alleging that the move was to support the encroachers.
Following the controversy, Kerala’s chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan had promised that the reserve’s area will not be reduced at any cost. He told media representatives that a committee will be formed to study the issues at the reserve and it will look in to the settlement concerns.
There is also a case pending in the Kerala High Court, demanding a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) enquiry into the involvement of the local member of Parliament in fabricating documents for the land. Similarly, there are hundreds of such encroachments in the reserve, claims environmentalist G Baburaj.
With the controversies surrounding the declared sanctuary, no further progress was made regarding assigning protected status to the area.
Protection for neelakurinji habitat finally declared
Now, in the latest decision as of April 2018, the Kerala Cabinet has decided to ensure that the proposed Neelakurinji Sanctuary will have a minimum of 3,200 hectares. Though the Cabinet had decided not to evict people with title deeds, it plans to redraw the boundaries in cooperation with the revenue department.
The cabinet decision includes appointing a settlement officer, conducting drone-based survey to identify the forest land and amending The Kerala Promotion of Tree Growth In Non-Forest Areas Act 2005 to prevent growing acacia and eucalyptus in the reserve forest area, all meant to benefit the Kurinjimala Sanctuary.
“We the campaigners want the entire stretch from Kodaikanal to Munnar in Kerala to be declared as the “Neelakurinji Sanctury,” said C. Rahim, a known environmentalist, nature lover and bird watcher.
The state government has also taken measures to promote responsible tourism at the kurinji reserve. In a high-level meeting chaired by Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan on December 31, 2017, it was decided that elaborate arrangements would be made to host tourists flocking to Munnar to view the neelakurinji flowers. The chief minister had stressed that the flow of tourists should not affect the environment.
Changing climate also a threat
In addition to the direct impact from human activities like encroachment and tourism, the drastic change in climate is also another threat to these shrubs, which can grow and bloom only in a balanced climate of mist and rain. “The weather in Munnar has changed a lot over the years. Earlier every month in Munnar had cool weather. But now the highrise buildings have mushroomed in the tourist town and Munnar’s weather is not very different from the rest of the state,” said Ajit Lal, a mountaineer and tourist guide.
Baburaj also shares concerns over rising temperatures in Munnar that can harm the neelakurinji. “For the last few years, from March to May, Munnar temperatures would hit 29 to 33 degrees celsius, which was unheard of few decades ago. The mountain’s ecology has been changing,” he said.
“The change in the weather is noticed not only in Munnar but also in all the hills of Idukki district. The climate is evidently changing in all these areas,” added Roshy Augustine, member of the state Legislative Assembly.
This article first appeared on Mongabay.
