Age-old adversaries to ships – barnacles and green mussels – have been thriving in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu, in the vicinity of India’s first indigenously built nuclear power station, overlooking the Bay of Bengal.
These master clingers park themselves inside the facility’s cooling system, often affecting the station’s operations. They make up about 60% to 70% of the biofoulers (organisms that accumulate underwater on hard surfaces) at Kalpakkam coast in the vicinity of the Madras Atomic Power Station, about 70 km south of Chennai.
Accompanying them is a rich assemblage of marine life: 300 species of marine fish, 219 species of phytoplankton, 33 species of crabs and more, powering the food chain in the coast harbouring the nuclear hub, as documented in a chapter on ecological studies in coastal waters of Kalpakkam in the book, Coastal Management, Global Challenges and Innovations.
The chapter is authored by KK Satpathy of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Chennai and his colleagues from the University of Calcutta and Berhampur University.
With two units each generating 220 MW of electricity, the nuclear power station has been in operation for over 30 years. At the same site, a much-delayed Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, another type of nuclear power generator, is poised to start functioning sometime this year.
The existing Madras Atomic Power Station facility uses seawater for cooling purposes drawn in through a nearly half-a-kilometre long (468 metres) and 3.8-metre-wide tunnel built 53 metres below the seabed. The heated seawater is released into the coastal waters after the heat is extracted.
Authors of the chapter said despite being in action for more than three decades, the coastal ecosystem around the nuclear hub is so far “healthy” and “stable” in the face of thermal pollution (heated water discharge), chemical pollution and human-associated activities.
However, the authors also mentioned the tides may turn with the addition of more nuclear power generating units to the facility (and resulting thermal pollution) in the near future and with the growing human activity-associated changes in the coastal belt.
“For now we can say the coastal ecology is healthy and the effect of the thermal discharge of the nuclear power plant is negligible on the coastal waters in Kalpakkam,” said Satpathy. “It is benign and comparable to any other healthy coastal ecosystem in India.”
Their assertions and cautions are based on decade-long scientific monitoring studies of the coastal ecology and related observations on Kalpakkam, documented in the chapter. The studies have helped create baseline data for future investigations, in addition to offering a clearer picture of the environmental impacts of heated water discharge from the nuclear facility on marine ecology.
“We have data on the assemblages of zooplanktons, phytoplanktons, biofoulers such as barnacles and mussels, crustaceans and marine fishes and more,” said Satpathy. “It will help us compare the changes in the future.”
Elaborating further on the potential environmental impacts of additional power units, Satpathy said: “A possible impact of the PFBR [Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor] could be due to thermal water discharge as well as the adoption of chemical approaches [biocide] for biofouling control.”
The scientist added: “At present, we are using low dose chlorination to mitigate biofouling but at one time in the late 1980s they severely impacted the facility’s operations.”
Setting up more desalination plants in and around the site may marginally increase the salinity in a localised manner, but the synergistic effect of the overall nuclear infrastructural growth could affect the ecology of the area.
“To take care of any potential adverse impacts, coastal monitoring programme should be continued at Kalpakkam without any break,” said Satpathy. “Additionally, we must also take into account the anthropogenic changes that are already taking place.”
The township that has sprung up around the nuclear facility supports over 50,000 people. It is surrounded by two fishing villages. During the last two decades, the population in Kalpakkam has gone up substantially and pulling up with it the number of vehicles, adding to air and water pollution.
“Small-scale workshop units such as fabricating units of different kinds have come up along the coast and the residue ends up in the sea, as the sea is the ultimate sink for everything,” said Satpathy. “The number of fishing boats associated with the growing number of fisherfolk has also gone up. So the load of plastics, heavy and toxic metals, biocides and other harmful products would also be a contributing factor.”
The good and the bad
A sign of the “unpolluted characteristics of the coastal waters” is the unusual abundance of reef-associated fish in these waters: of the total marine fish species recorded, 45% are reef-associated.
“Although coral reefs are absent in Kalpakkam, rocky patches north of the area could be the reason for the presence of reef fish,” said Satpathy. “It is an indication of the unpolluted characteristics of these coastal waters despite the presence of the nuclear facility.”
The results of recent thermal pollution studies reveal that a very small area in the discharge location is highly impacted, the chapter states.
“This area spans around 80 to 100 metres along the coast on either side of the discharge point, depending upon the direction of the coastal current,” said Satpathy. “When the current direction is North, the impacted zone is on the northern side, when the current is towards the South the impacted zone is along the southern side.”
The documentation of a high diversity of marine crabs (33 species of brachyuran crabs) offers another clue to coastal health.
“Crab is a bottom-dweller, accumulates all pollutants continuously and is a good indicator of pollution at a specific site, unlike fish which move from place to place,” he said. “Crab population (qualitative and quantitative) indicates coastal health.”
But Satpathy, who has been studying the ecology of the Kalpakkam coast for over 30 years, flagged emerging concerns.
For example, a recent survey of the Bay of Bengal area revealed the presence of a minimum oxygen zone at shallow depth (less than 30 metres), a new finding implying a possible increase in organic content due to anthropogenic activity (environmental pollution and pollutants originating in human activity).
The coastal waters are fed by monsoonal rainfall as well as by the adjoining backwater discharge from Edaiyur and Sadras backwater systems, which receive anthropogenic inputs from various sources.
The frequency of the appearance of algal blooms at this coast has increased due to eutrophication, hitting the coastal water quality and the marine biological community. This rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system can kill off fish in large numbers.
“Algal bloom leads to the presence of one or two species of plankton or cyanobacteria in significant numbers (80% to 90%) in the water, unlike the mixed bag of 50 to 60 species which generally occur in normal condition,” Satpathy explained.
He added: “When this algal bloom dies, the decay process consumes oxygen in the water triggering mass fish deaths. Also, some of the bloom-forming species are toxic in nature resulting in the death of organisms including fish.”
Some documented algal blooms in Kalpakkam involve blue-green alga Trichodesmium erythraeum in 2007 and 2008 and a mono-species bloom of diatom Asterionellopsisglacialis in 2015. The 2004 tsunami that devastated Kalpakkam has also left its imprint.
“Possibly, due to the deposition of silt in the coastal region from the off-shore region, leading to decrease in coastal depth, the turbulence in the coastal region appears to have gone up, triggering a rise in suspended-solid content,” said Satpathy.
This article first appeared on Mongabay.