Uber’s business model is incredibly simple: It’s a platform that facilitates exchanges between people. And Uber’s been incredibly successful at it, almost eliminating the transaction costs of doing business in everything from shuttling people around town to delivering food.
This is one of the reasons Uber is now among the most valuable companies in the world after its shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on May 10.
Yet its $82.4 billion market capitalisation may pale in comparison to the wealth of user data it’s accumulating. If you use Uber – or perhaps even if you don’t – it knows a treasure trove of data about you, including your location, gender, spending history, contacts, phone battery level and even whether you’re on the way home from a one-night stand. It may soon know whether you’re drunk or not.
While that’s scary enough, combine all that data with Uber’s expertise at analysing it through the lens of behavioural science and you have a dangerous potential to exploit users for profit.
Uber’s hardly alone. Our research shows the biggest digital platforms – Airbnb, Facebook, eBay and others – are collecting so much data on how we live, that they already have the capability to manipulate their users on a grand scale. They can predict behaviour and influence our decisions on where to click, share and spend.
While most platforms aren’t using all these capabilities yet, manipulation through behavioural psychology techniques can occur quietly and leave little trace. If we don’t establish rules of the road now, it’ll be much harder to detect and stop later.
‘Choice architecture’
A platform can be any space that facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers. Traditional examples include flea markets and trading floors.
A digital platform serves the same purpose but gives the owner the ability to “mediate” its users while they’re using it – and often when they’re not. By that we mean it can observe and learn an incredible amount of information about user behaviour in order to perfect what behavioural scientists call “choice architectures,” inconspicuous design elements intended to influence human behaviour through how decisions are presented.
For example, Uber has experimented with its drivers to determine the most effective strategies for keeping them on the road as long as possible. These strategies include playing into cognitive biases such as loss aversion and overestimating low probability events, even if a driver is barely earning enough money to make it worth her while. Drivers end up like gamblers at a casino, urged to play just a little longer despite the odds.
Uber didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment.
Airbnb also experiments with its users. It has used behavioural science to get hosts to lower their rates and accept bookings without screening guests – which creates real risks for hosts, particularly when they are sharing their own apartment.
While these examples seem relatively benign, they demonstrate how digital platforms are able to quietly design systems to direct users’ actions in potentially manipulative ways.
And as platforms grow, they only become better choice architects. With its IPO’s huge influx of investor money to fund more data and behavioural science, Uber could move into dangerously unethical territory – easy to imagine given its past practices.
For example, if the app recognises that you are drunk or in a neighborhood you rarely travel to – and one that its data show is high in crime – it could charge you a higher rate, knowing you’re unlikely to refuse.
Legal challenges
And it’s not all speculation.
In an effort to deceive law enforcement trying to investigate the company, Uber actually found a way to identify government regulators trying to use its app and then prevented them from getting rides.
That’s one reason lawmakers and regulators have been discussing the difficult, interrelated roles of behavioural science and tech for years. And some companies, Uber in particular, have been investigated for a host of bad business practices, from discrimination to misusing user data.
But most of the manipulation we’ve identified and worry about is not expressly illegal. And because regulators are often unable to keep pace with the ever-evolving use of technology and choice architecture, that’s likely to remain so.
Given the absence of well-defined and enforceable legal guardrails, platform companies’ propensity to exploit behavioural science at users’ expense will remain largely unchecked.
An ethical code
One solution, in our view, is establishing an ethical code for platform companies to follow. And if they don’t adopt it willingly, investors, employees and users could demand it.
Since the mid-20th century, written codes of ethical conduct have been a staple of US companies. The legal and medical professions have relied on them for millennia. And research suggests they are effective at encouraging ethical behaviour at companies.
We reviewed hundreds of ethical codes, including ones targeted at tech and computing companies. Based on our research, we urge digital platforms to adopt five ethical guidelines:
- All choice architecture employed on a platform should be fully transparent. Platforms should disclose when they are using the tools of behavioural science to influence user behaviour
- Users should be able to make choices on the platform freely and easily, and choice architects should limit behavioural interventions to reminders or prompts that are the least harmful to user autonomy
- Platforms should avoid “nudging” users in ways that exploit unconscious and irrational decision making based on impulse and emotion. New research shows that transparent choice architecture can work just as well
- Platforms should recognise the power they possess and take care not to exploit the markets they’ve created, including by abusing information asymmetries between themselves and users or opposing reasonable regulations
- Platforms should avoid using choice architecture that discourages users from acting in their own best interests. As Nobel Prize-winning behavioural economist Richard Thaler put it, we should only “nudge for good.”
Big tech and behavioural science are now integrated in ways that are making companies wildly successful, from buzzing toothbrushes that make cleaning your teeth seem rewarding to using texts to nudge poorer mothers to use health care.
While the results can significantly enhance our lives, it also makes it easier than ever for companies to manipulate users to enhance their bottom lines.
Abbey Stemler , Assistant Professor of Business Law and Ethics, Indiana University; Joshua E. Perry Associate Professor of Business Law and Ethics, Indiana University and Todd Haugh , Assistant Professor of Business Law and Ethics, Indiana University.
This article first appeared on The Conversation.
