A bite of chocolate may be your guilty pleasure but have you looked at the ingredients on your chocolate bar? Often hidden in the small print is palm oil, an edible oil globally supplied, primarily from Indonesia. India is the largest importer of palm oil in the world.
Now, a new report tracking the supply chain of palm oil in a region of Indonesia, reveals that some of this palm oil may have its origins in a protected area that’s home to the critically endangered Sumatran orangutan.
Major consumer brands including Nestlé, Kellogg’s and Hershey have been getting some of their palm oil from an illegal plantation inside a protected forest that holds the highest density of critically endangered orangutans anywhere on Earth, says the report released in September. The report is based on field investigations, interviews and transaction records analysed by environmental organisation Rainforest Action Network.
It shows that local brokers in Indonesia are buying palm fruit from oil palms planted illegally inside the nationally protected Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve in the South East Asian country’s Aceh province. These brokers, the report says, are then supplying the fruit to processing mills located immediately next to areas of illegal encroachment in the Leuser Ecosystem, of which the wildlife reserve is a part.
The Rainforest Action Network reports that these mills then further supply the processed palm oil to global traders, namely Singapore-listed Golden Agri-Resources and Indonesia’s Musim Mas Group. These companies, in turn, sell palm oil, directly or indirectly, to the who’s who of household consumer brands, including Nestlé, Unilever, Mondelēz International, General Mills, Kellogg’s, Mars, and the Hershey Company, according to the Rainforest Action Network.
All of these palm oil traders and brands have adopted policies committing them to “No Deforestation, No Peatlands, No Exploitation” in the sourcing of their raw ingredients. By contrast, the mills where the Rawa Singkil-sourced palm fruit is processed lack the necessary procedures to trace the provenance of the crop, Rainforest Action Network says.
The investigation also calls out global banks, including Japan’s Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Dutch bank ABN Amro and Singapore’s OCBC, for continuing to finance major palm oil traders, particularly GAR.
“The authors of this report are demanding that companies caught contributing to this destruction stop buying palm oil sourced from the rogue mills identified here, or financing the culprits processing and shipping illegal palm oil to the global market, until transparent and verifiable monitoring, traceability and compliance systems are established to ensure they are only sourcing truly responsible palm oil,” the Rainforest Action Network said.
Orangutan haven
Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve, on the North Western coast of the island of Sumatra, is home to the densest population of critically endangered Sumatran orangutans or Pongo abelii in the Leuser Ecosystem.
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List, the estimated population of the Sumatran orangutans is 13,846 individuals. Of that, the vast majority – about 95% – is in the Leuser Ecosystem.
More than 75,000 hectares of peat forests remain in the Singkil peatland and are afforded the highest levels of protection under Indonesian law in Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve. Since the reserve was established in 1998, local conservationists have raised concerns about changes to its boundaries to accommodate palm oil development. The size of the protected area has declined from 102,400 hectares to 80,000 hectares.
In the past 10 years, more than 3,000 hectares of critical lowland forest habitat within Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve has been cleared, largely for new oil palm plantations. A wide network of roads and drainage canals have been built to allow the deep peat soil to be drained and planted with oil palms.
Traceability to source
In the report, the Rainforest Action Network said the Singapore-listed palm oil trader GAR had confirmed that six of its supplying mills were located near Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve and that five had not established traceability to the farm or plantation where the palm fruit they source is grown.
The report said GAR had set new targets for its mills to achieve traceability to the plantation by the end of 2020. “While the company denied deforestation by referring to the findings of field investigations in 2017 and 2018 outside the Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve in the Singkil-Bengkung region, it did not comment on non-compliant suppliers within the nationally protected area or confirm its intention to instigate the results of Rainforest Action Network’s investigation,” the report added.
Meanwhile, Indonesian trading company Musim Mas had confirmed that nine of its supplying mills were located near the wildlife reserve and that it had set the end of 2020 as the deadline for tracing the provenance of all its palm oil sourced from the region, said the Rainforest Action Network. The company also says it plans to increase its direct engagement with smallholder farmers seeking secure land titles and support for improvements in agricultural practices. Musim Mas confirmed that it would verify the findings of the Rainforest Action Network’s investigate and communicate to supplying mills that it would not accept palm oil products grown in Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve.
Many of the consumer brands named in the the Rainforest Action Network report told Reuters that they would verify the findings while keeping their commitment to sustainable practices in palm oil production and supply chain management.
This article first appeared on Mongabay.