To start dealing with Australia’s mounting plastic crisis, the country’s federal government last week launched its first National Plastics Plan.
The plan will fight plastic on various fronts, such as banning plastic on beaches, ending polystyrene packaging for takeaway containers and phasing in microplastic filters in washing machines. But we are particularly pleased to see a main form of biodegradable plastic will also be phased out.
Biodegradable plastic promises a plastic that breaks down into natural components when it is no longer wanted for its original purpose. The idea of a plastic that literally disappears once in the ocean, littered on land or in a landfill is tantalising – but also (at this stage) a pipe dream.
Not so ‘biodegradable’
“Biodegradable” suggests an item is made from plant-based materials. But this is not always the case.
A major problem with “biodegradable” plastic is the lack of regulations or standards around how the term should be used. This means it could, and is, being used to refer to all manner of things, many of which are not great for the environment.
Many plastics labelled biodegradable are actually traditional fossil-fuel plastics that are simply degradable (as all plastic is) or even “oxo-degradable” – where chemical additives make the fossil-fuel plastic fragment into microplastics. The fragments are usually so small they’re invisible to the naked eye, but still exist in our landfills, waterways and soils.
Australia’s National Plastics Plan aims to work with industry to phase out this problematic “fragmentable” plastic by July 2022.
Some biodegradable plastics are made from plant-based materials. But it is often unknown what type of environment they will break down in and how long that would take.
Those items may end up existing for decades, if not centuries, in landfill, litter or ocean as many plant-based plastics actually do not break down any quicker than traditional plastics. This is because not all plant-based plastics are necessarily compostable as the way some plant-based polymers form can make them incredibly durable.
So it is best to avoid all plastic labelled as biodegradable. Even after the ban eliminates fragmentation – the worst of these – there is still no evidence remaining types of biodegradable plastics are better for the environment.
Compostable plastics
Compostable plastic is another label you may have come across that is meant to be better for the environment. It is specifically designed to break down into natural, non-toxic components in certain conditions.
Unlike biodegradable plastics, there are certification standards for compostable plastics, so it is important to check for one the labels. If an item does not have a certification label, there is nothing to say it is not some form of mislabelled “biodegradable” plastic.
But most certified compostable plastics are only for industrial composts, which reach very high temperatures. This means they are unlikely to break down sufficiently in home composts. Even those certified as “home compostable” are assessed under perfect lab conditions, which are not easily achieved in the backyard.
And while certified compostable plastics are increasing, the number of industrial composting facilities that actually accept them isn’t yet keeping up.
Nor are collection systems to get your plastics to these facilities. The vast majority of kerbside organics recycling bins do not currently accept compostable plastics and other packaging. This means placing compostable plastics in these bins is considered contamination.
Even if you can get your certified compostable plastics to an appropriate facility, composting plastics actually reduces their economic value as they can no longer be used in packaging and products. Instead, they are only valuable for returning nutrients to soil and, potentially, capturing a fraction of the energy used to produce them.
Finally, if you do not have an appropriate collection system and your compostable plastic ends up in a landfill, that might actually be worse than traditional plastic. Compostable plastics could release methane – a much more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide – in a landfill, in the same way, food waste does.
So, you should only consider compostable plastics when you have a facility that will take them and a way to get them there.
And while the National Plastics Plan and National Packaging Targets are aiming for at least 70% of plastics to be recovered by 2025 (including through composting), nothing yet has been said about how collection systems will be supported to achieve this.
Is recycling helpful?
Only an estimated 9% of plastics worldwide (and 18% in Australia) are actually recycled. The majority ends up in landfill and can leak into our oceans and natural environments.
In Australia, systems for recycling the most common types of plastic packaging are well established and in many cases operate adequately. However, there are still major issues.
For example, many plastic items cannot be recycled in our kerbside bins (including soft and flexible plastics such as bags and cling films, and small items like bottle lids, plastic cutlery and straws). Placing these items in your kerbside recycling bin can contaminate other recycling and even damage sorting machines.
What is more, much of the plastic collected for recycling does not have high value “end markets”. Only two types of plastic – PET (think water or soft drink bottles and some detergent containers) and HDPE (milk bottles, shampoo/conditioner/detergent containers) – are easily turned back into new plastic containers.
The rest end up in a stream called “mixed plastics”, much of which we have traditionally exported overseas for recycling due to low demand here. The new waste export ban may help fix this in the future.
What to do?
The obvious answer then is to eliminate problematic plastic altogether and replace single-use plastics with reusable alternatives.
Little actions such as bringing your reusable water bottle, coffee cup and cutlery, can add up to big changes if adequately supported by businesses and the government to create a widespread culture shift. So too, could a swing away from insidious coffee capsules, cling wrap and cotton buds so many of us depend on.
Opting too, for plastic items made from recycled materials can make a big impact on the feasibility of plastic recycling.
If you do end up with plastic on your hands, take a quick glance at the graphic above, or read the University Technology Sydney’s Detailed Decision Guide to Disposing of Plastics.
Jenni Downes is a Research Fellow, BehaviourWorks Australia and Kim Borg is a Research Fellow at BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute at Monash University.
Nick Florin is the Research Director at the Institute for Sustainable Futures at the University of Technology Sydney.
This article first appeared on The Conversation.