The new science of epigenetics has enabled us to track how our lifestyle and surroundings affect the behavior of genes in our body, without altering the underlying DNA sequence (commonly called mutations). These epigenetic changes may stop aged cells and damaged cells from forming any new cells – akin to forced retirement, scientifically known as senescence, thereby preventing chances of cancer. However unusual epigenetic changes might help rogue cells to escape senescence and steer towards formation of tumours.
Now, to be able to predict aging-related cancer risks, researchers are trying to identify those genes which undergo the most epigenetic changes during normal aging and in early tumour development.
In a collaborative study, a team of researchers from India and USA (Dr Subhojit Sen of University of Mumbai and Dr Hariharan Easwaran of John Hopkins University, USA) have have identified two sets of genes: one that may help human cancer cells to progress by rejecting forced retirement or senescence due to unusual DNA methylation, while a different set which might be responsible for cancers from normally aging cells. The results of this study have been published in the journal Cancer Cell.
In this study, researchers have performed experiments on mice and cells from human skin samples. To analyse epigenetic changes, they observed patterns of DNA methylation, a process by which cells add tiny methyl chemical groups to a beginning region of a gene’s DNA sequence, thereby dictating how that gene is used.
“Some groups have suggested that epigenetic changes may promote tumour formation,” said Easwaran. “It was puzzling us how epigenetic changes occurring in the tumour-protective process of senescence may also promote formation of tumours. Hence we investigated the differences in epigenetic changes that occur in both events.”
The authors observed that although the process of DNA methylation appeared similar for both senescent and tumours cells, the genes that got methylated and the way it occurred were different between the two. They found that DNA methylation in senescent cells occurred in metabolic process related genes and appeared to be programmed and reproducible. On the other hand, in tumour cells, methylation occurred in growth related genes and appeared to be relatively random.
Classically, environmental stresses like smoking, harmful diets or lifestyle choices were thought to cause cancer mainly through DNA mutations. Recent studies have suggested that environmental stresses and carcinogens can also induce these types of unusual epigenetic changes. “Thus it is important to realise that these exposures impact our genomes in multiple ways – both genetic and epigenetic – all of which may synergise in inducing tumour formation,” added Easwaran. “Next, we will explore strategies for determining age-associated risk of tumour development. It may eventually lead to biomarker development which might help us detect these changes very early on, even in healthy individuals.”
“This happens to be the first or at least initial evidence to clearly demonstrate differences in DNA methylations in terms of target genes,” said Girish B Maru, ACTREC, Mumbai, a cancer researcher who is not connected with this study. “Successful replication of these results may help in deciding whether well-defined methylated genes can be developed as biomarkers for cancer risk assessment.”
Besides Easwaran and Sen, the research team included many researchers from Johns Hopkins University and the USA’s National Institutes of Health.
This article was first published by India Science Wire.