Many of us have taken a rapid antigen test or have administered them to our school-aged children.

But how many of us are using them correctly?

Here are 15 pitfalls to avoid if you want to get the most out of your rapid antigen tests.

1. Storing at the wrong temperature

RATs should be kept at 2 degrees Celsius-30 degrees Celsius for them to work as intended.

Storing at higher temperatures means proteins in the tests can be denatured – permanent changes to protein structure, just like when you cook an egg.

Do not let the kit freeze. This can also damage the kit components.

2. Using straight from the fridge

The reagents (essential test kit ingredients) will not work properly at cold temperatures. Let the kit sit out of the fridge for about 30 minutes before using it.

3. Using an out-of-date test

Always check the use-by date before using, which you will find on the carton. Expired tests can contain biological or chemical reagents that have gone off or are denatured.

4. Opening too early

Do not open the test items until you are ready to start. Storing the test open can lead to false positives (you can test positive without really having Covid).

5. Taking the test too soon or too late after exposure

A study, which has yet to be reviewed by experts, suggests rapid antigen tests cannot detect SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes Covid-19) until at least day two after exposure. It takes a median of three days to test positive.

The rapid antigen tests also cannot detect the virus later than about seven or eight days after exposure. So do not wait too long to get tested.

The rapid antigen test sensitivity (ability to detect a positive case) improves if you take a daily test, over several days.

6. Assuming all tests work the same

Some rapid antigen tests need nasal swabs, others use saliva. The way the virus is extracted from the sample, the number of drops to add to the testing device and the timeframe to read the results differ between brands.

Familiarise yourself with the instructions, especially if it is a new brand, or it has been some time since your last rapid antigen test.

7. Contaminating the test

Do not touch the tip of the swab (the soft bit that goes in your nose) with your fingers or allow it to come into contact with other surfaces.

8. Sampling snot

Blow your nose before doing a nasal swab as you do not want to sample snot. You want to swab the tissue that lines the nasal passages, using the technique below.

Are you taking the sample correctly? Photo credit: Health.gov.au/PHLN/CDC

9. Swabbing at the wrong angle and depth

When inserting the nasal swab, you are not trying to swab the inside of your nostril but the tissue further back in the nasal passages.

So rather than going directly upwards with the swab, try to go horizontally and about 2 centimetres-3 centimetres back. Then rotate the swab gently against the walls of the nasal passage the exact number of times your test recommends. Repeat on the other side.

Because it is easy to get the angle/depth wrong, it is best for parents or caregivers to take children’s samples. Most rapid tests should not be used on children under two years old, so check the instructions if you are not sure.

10. Continuing with a bloody swab

Blood on the nasal swab will give you an inaccurate result. Discard the test and do another when bleeding has stopped, or swab only on the side that is not bleeding.

Do not use a test that requires nasal swabbing if you are prone to nose bleeds. Use a saliva test instead (see below).

11. Eating, drinking, chewing gum, brushing your teeth or smoking before a saliva test

These can give an inaccurate result. So wait 30 minutes before taking a saliva sample.

12. Adding too many or too few drops to the indicator device

Adding the right number of drops will ensure the liquid moves across the test surface in a specific time. If you add extra drops, or too few, you will mess up the timeline and the test will not work properly.

Play
How a rapid antigen test – known as a lateral flow test in some countries – works and how molecules move through the kit.

13. Reading the result too early or too late

Read the result at the time listed in the instructions.

Read the test too early and it is likely to give you a false negative result (the test reads negative but you are really positive). Too late and it might indicate you are positive when you are not.

14. Misreading the result

When you read your results (at the correct time):

  • Two lines means you have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2
  • A line at C (for control) only means the test has worked and you have tested negative
  • A line at T (for test) (or A for antigen, depending on the kit) but not C means your test is faulty. Do another one
  • No lines also means your test is faulty and you need to repeat it.

15. Disposing of the kit incorrectly

Seal any components of the kit that have come into contact with your nasal or saliva sample (swab, containers, reagents, test device etc) in the plastic bag provided and dispose in the garbage.

Only place the cardboard carton and paper instructions in recycling.

Thea van de Mortel is Professor, Nursing and Deputy Head (Learning & Teaching), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University.

This article first appeared on The Conversation.