New and updated pledges, including a submission by India, to cut greenhouse gas emissions will take less than 10% off projected 2030 greenhouse gas emissions, while a 45% reduction is needed by 2030 to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius By the end of the century, according to a new United Nations report released on October 27.
Climate pledges leave the world on track for a temperature rise of 2.4-2.6 degrees Celsius by the end of this century, according to the Emissions Gap Report 2022 by the United Nations Environment Programme.
The emissions gap report – which marks the run-up to the27th Conference of Parties on Climate Change or COP27 starting on November 6, 2022 in Egypt – provides the latest assessment of scientific studies on current and estimated future greenhouse gas emissions. It also compares these with the levels permissible for the world to progress on the least-cost pathway to achieve the 1.5-2 degrees Celsius that 193 parties committed in 2015 under the Paris agreement. Going beyond the 1.5-2 degrees Celsius threshold will expose millions of people to climate-related risks, such as heat waves and floods.
The report states that urgent transformation in the electricity supply, industry, transport and buildings sectors, and food and financial systems would help put the world on a path to success.
“The ambition gap persists and is unsurprising, but the report also points to an implementation gap. Countries have not put in place policies to reach even the limited targets they have promised. Global climate debates should focus more on the here and now than future speculative targets,” Navroz Dubash, professor at the Centre for Policy Research and one of the reviewers of the Emission Gap report, told IndiaSpend.
“The report finds that many net-zero targets have low credibility and are not aligned to short and medium-term actions. The solution is to focus on what we can do now, while simultaneously providing detail on net-zero targets and aligning present actions with future needs,” he added.
Strengthening 2030 targets
As many as 166 nations have submitted new and updated climate pledges or Nationally Determined Contributions as of September 2022, but progress on these updates has been woefully inadequate, the United Nations Environment Programme report stated.
India’s coal usage and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions in 2021 exceeded pre-pandemic 2019 levels, the report says. India is the third-largest carbon emitter in the world although our per capita carbon emissions are low, the report shows. Achieving carbon neutrality, also known as net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, by 2070 – therefore, balancing carbon emissions and carbon absorption from the atmosphere – is a necessity for India, which has been experiencing increasing extreme weather events.
India submitted updated climate pledges, or Nationally Determined Contributions in August 2022. According to the updated Nationally Determined Contributions, India stands committed to reducing emissions intensity of its gross domestic product by 45% by 2030, from the 2005 level. It has also pledged to get about 50% of electric power installed from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030. India also added a healthy and sustainable lifestyle, ‘LIFE – Lifestyle for Environment’ as a key to combating climate change.
The report shows that the new and updated Nationally Determined Contributions will have some impact in decreasing India’s emissions. India’s emissions are also not expected to peak or reach their highest level before 2030, the report claimed. The emissions drop sharply once they reach the peaking point, according to studies. But, the longer we delay the peak, the more difficult it will be to limit global temperature rise, according to a 2017 World Resource Institute report.
Earlier, at COP26, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced five emissions pledges to control India’s emissions; net-zero emissions by 2070, and by 2030 achieving non-fossil fuel energy capacity of 500 GW, 50% energy from renewable sources, reducing total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes and reducing the carbon intensity of the economy to less than 45%.
But, for developing countries such as India, implementing net zero and Nationally Determined Contributions also depends on access to financial, technological and technical support, capacity building support and availability of market based mechanisms, IndiaSpend reported in January 2022.
In addition, India is among the countries whose historical responsibility for climate change is marginal compared to that of developed countries like the US. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change recognised the principle of equity, which is that developed countries need to do more to compensate for their historical carbon emissions and assist developing countries in adopting cleaner energy and reducing carbon emissions.
Need faster transition
The report finds that the transformation towards net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in electricity supply, industry, transportation and buildings are underway, but the transition needs to be faster. Of these four sectors, transition in electricity supply is most advanced, as the costs of renewable electricity have reduced dramatically. However, the pace of change must increase alongside measures to ensure a just transition and universal energy access.
The report also goes on to suggest action to reduce emissions, including removing fossil fuel subsidies, promoting renewable expansion, supporting zero-carbon industrial processes, promoting electrification, incentivising zero-carbon building stock, among others.
India still needs to invest more to increase the share of renewable sources in electricity generation, electrification of fossil-fuel dependent industries, commercial manufacturing of green hydrogen and promoting electric vehicles, IndiaSpend reported in January 2022.
In India, renewable energy sources make up 29% of electricity generation capacity at present, against the target of 50%. The majority of India’s renewable energy comes from solar (12.4%) and wind (10.2%), and India will need to greatly expand these capacities within eight years to meet the prime minister’s pledge, IndiaSpend reported in January 2022.
Transport accounts for 11% of India’s carbon emissions and is a major source of air pollution in several cities countrywide. For the transportation sector, electrifying road transportation is a key step to halving carbon emissions this decade and stabilising global heating at 1.5 degrees Celsius , IndiaSpend reported in November 2021.
Since 2019, India has implemented the second phase of Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India with a total budget of Rs 10,000 crore ($1.32 billion), focused on supporting electrification of public and shared transportation. The scheme aims to support, through subsidies, the manufacture of 7,090 electric buses, 500,000 electric three-wheelers, 55,000 electric four-wheeler passenger cars and 1 million electric two-wheelers, or around 1.5 million – in all. Just over halfway into phase II, by December 7, 2021, the scheme had incentivised only 176,327 EVs – 11% of the target.
More sustainable food systems
Food systems are major contributors of climate change, biodiversity loss and land-use change, the report claimed. The food system that we rely on, which includes agriculture production, currently is responsible for one-third of total greenhouse gas emissions globally.
In November 2021, 45 governments, led by the United Kingdom, pledged urgent action and investment to protect nature and shift to more sustainable ways of farming at the 26th COP, the climate change conference in Glasgow, according to a United Kingdom government press release. It said that the commitments would help leverage over $4 billion of public sector investment into agricultural innovation to improve soil health, helping make these techniques and resources affordable and accessible to farmers.
India has been slowly moving towards chemical-free farming that could reduce farm input costs, improve soil health and water efficiency and lead to an increase in farm produce prices helping farmers, IndiaSpend reported in July 2022. In a multi-part series (here, here and here), IndiaSpend has also explored the different facets of natural farming, its implementation in India, and the possibility of success.
The United Nations Environment Programme report noted that, in India, production of legumes in the last five years has consistently increased, a step in the right direction. Legumes such as beans, peas and lentils increase the release of ammonium nitrogen into the soil. The greater availability of nitrogen in the soil can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilisers for other crops when legumes are used in rotations or as cover crops or intercrops.
Transform financial system
Financial actors, such as banks, institutional investors, and public financial institutions, have shown limited action on climate mitigation by focusing on short-term returns rather than long-term returns on low-carbon technology, conflicting objectives, such as providing finance to the fossil fuel sector, and not recognising climate risks adequately, the report noted.
A global transformation to a low-emissions economy is expected to require investments of at least $4-6 trillion a year. This is a relatively small (1.5-2%) share of total financial assets managed, but significant (20-28%) in terms of additional annual resources to be allocated, the report noted.
At COP26, countries and financial institutions announced a Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero, a global coalition of financial institutions, committing to net-zero emissions exceeding $130 trillion, over the next three decades.
Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero includes 450 financial institutions in 45 countries. Internationally, even institutions that funded fossil fuel projects in the past are setting newer targets for funding clean, sustainable projects. But Indian institutions are lagging, we reported in October 2021.
The United Nations Environment Programme issued Principles for Responsible Banking in 2019 to guide banks to consider the environmental and social impacts of the projects they lend to. Yes Bank is the only signatory from India as of September 2022, we had reported.
Governments and key financial actors will need to steer credibility in transforming the financial system and its structures and processes, engaging governments, central banks, commercial banks, institutional investors and other financial actors, the report said.
This article first appeared on IndiaSpend, a data-driven and public-interest journalism non-profit.