Rs 1,15,625 crore has been spent on Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – a national programme for universal elementary education – over the last five years, but the quality of learning has declined.

For instance, only a fourth of all children in Class 3 could read a Class 2 text fluently, a drop of more than 5% over five years, according to the 2014 Annual Status Report on Education.

The SSA received more than half the money (52%) in Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley’s school education allocation in the latest budget, but over the last five years, the SSA budget declined 6%, from Rs 23,873 crore in 2012-'13 to Rs 22,500 crore for 2016-'17.

Education is primarily the responsibility of states, but the central government directly finances 60% of education through programmes such as the SSA. As many as 66% of India’s primary school students attend government schools or government-aided schools – the rest going to costlier private schools.

Of the money set aside for the SSA during 2015-'16, only 57% was released till September 2015, according to an Accountability Initiative report.

Falling standards

While presenting his third Budget earlier this week, Jaitley said nothing about the quality of education. The quality declines may be correlated with reduced funding, but they may not be caused only by a lack of money.

Less than one in five primary school teachers is adequately trained, IndiaSpend reported last year. The consequence is a marked decline in learning ability, in government and private schools.

The learning levels in government schools plummeted to a low of 41.1% in 2013 but recovered slightly to 42.2% in 2014, as IndiaSpend reported.

Similarly, with math, a quarter of children in Class 3 could not recognise numbers between 10 and 99, a drop of 13% over five years.

Money problems

As many as 99% new elementary schools have been constructed of the 400,000 sanctioned since the launch of the programme in 2000-'01 till September 30, 2015, according to this reply in Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) on December 7, 2015.

About 23% of schools surveyed by Accountability Initiative in 2015-16 needed to build at least one classroom in order to meet Right-to-Education norms. However, only 1% of schools received money from SSA during the financial year to construct new classrooms.

There are other gaps in the programme.

The enrolment of girls has gone up from 48.12% in 2009-'10 to 48.19% in 2014-'15 at the elementary level. Many more girls clearly need to be enrolled. As many as 52% of boys are enrolled in primary schools.

The good news

A 55% decline in dropouts was reported in the age group 6–14 years, from 13.46 million in 2005 to 6.1 million in 2013. The annual average primary school dropout rate declined from 6.8% in 2009-'10 to 4.3% in 2013-'14.

Mid-day meals in schools received Rs 9,700 crore, next only to SSA. About 102 million children across India in 2014-'15 used the mid-day meal programme, the world’s largest school-feeding scheme.

As part of its rural initiatives, over the next two years, the government is also planning to open 62 new Navodaya Vidyalayas in the districts without them.

The Navodaya Vidayalaya scheme was launched under the National Policy on Education 1986 to educate the best rural talent. There are 591 Navodaya Vidyalayas across India, according to data tabled in the Lok Sabha on December 7, 2015.

Rs 2,471 crore was allocated to the Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, which runs these schools, an increase of 8% over last year.

Focus on higher education

The finance minister proposed setting up a Higher Education Financing Agency with an initial capital of Rs 1,000 crore ($146 million) to strengthen infrastructure in higher education.

The HEFA will be a not-for-profit organisation, which will use funds from the market and supplement them with donations and corporate social responsibility funds.

Higher education – including central and deemed universities – received the most money, Rs 7,997 crore, followed by the Indian Institutes of Technology (Rs. 4,984 crore) and University Grants Commission (Rs. 4,492 crore).

About 80% students were enrolled in undergraduate programmes, but only 0.3% (84,058 students) were enrolled for PhDs in 2012-'13, a sign that research is weak and faltering, as IndiaSpend has reported.

Only 21% of young men and women aged 18 to 23 are enrolled for higher education.

India’s enrolment rate in higher education is 18% – below the global average of 27% and low compared to 26% in China and 36% in Brazil, a 2014 British Council report pointed out.

This article was first published on IndiaSpend, a data-driven and public-interest journalism non-profit.