The Uttar Pradesh government has left unspent about half the funds it was allocated to curb sex selection, according to a recent report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. This, in turn, has impacted India’s position in global gender indices.
Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state, also records the second-highest fertility rate in the country after Bihar. An average woman here bears at least three children in rural areas, according to the 2013 Health and Family Welfare Statistics report. However, the state is also witnessing a rapid decline in its child sex ratio. For every 1,000 boys aged between 0 and 6 years, the state has 902 girls (Census 2011), down from 916 in 2001 and 927 in 1991. Three decades ago, in 1981, UP recorded a ratio of 935.
Over the same period, the country’s child sex ratio has fallen from 962 girls per 1,000 boys aged 0 to 6 years, to 914 girls per 1,000 boys in 2011.
Latest figures for Uttar Pradesh from 2015 indicate that the child sex ratio has further fallen to 883, observed the CAG report based on data from the Health Management Information System.
Nature produces more males than females, as boys are more vulnerable to infant diseases than girls. The child sex ratio, therefore, tends to mirror the sex ratio at birth–ideally, between 943 and 954 females for every 1,000 males.
Since 2001, the child sex ratio in India, in general, and UP, in particular, has plunged below this, suggesting that sex selection continues unabated.
This is despite the fact that Uttar Pradesh, which elects 73 of 543 members of parliament in Lok Sabha, has considerable political clout. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, won his parliament seat from Varanasi in 2014, while Congress president Sonia Gandhi bagged Rae Bareilly.
Funds untouched
The CAG report rapped the state government for its “lackadaisical attitude” towards implementing the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994.
The law aims to prevent sex-selective abortions through regulation and monitoring of clinics using ultrasound equipment. Earlier this year, state chief minister Akhilesh Yadav had sworn to protect the girl child through strict implementation of the Act across Uttar Pradesh.
With state elections due in five months, activists are hoping the CAG comments will be raised in political campaigns. “It’s time for politicians to rally and push for more action on crimes against unborn girls. In past Uttar Pradesh elections, caste and communalism took precedence over basic human development issues,” said Sabu George, a veteran advocate against sex selection and member of the National Inspection & Monitoring Committee set up under the PC-PNDT Act.
Between 2010 and 2015, Uttar Pradesh – among the 10 Indian states with the lowest child sex ratios–claimed it would need Rs 20.26 crore to prevent sex-selective abortions through implementation of the Act. Of this, the state received 35% (Rs 7.09 crore) from the Centre through the National Health Mission.
‘Missing daughters’
From the funds received, the state spent 54% (Rs 3.86 crore) over five years–barely 20% of the state’s original estimate, the CAG report noted. The state also raised an additional Rs 1.9 crore through registration or renewal fees and penalties charged from diagnostic centres. This is kept in a savings bank account and remains unused.
“In most women empowerment schemes, UP showed significant savings ranging from 46 to 100 per cent – mainly due to poor implementation,” the CAG audit observed in a chapter entitled ‘Missing Daughters’. “Despite allocation of funds, majority of the schemes… could not achieve their goal of reducing gender disparity due to lack of planning and inefficient execution by implementing agencies and ineffective monitoring by the governance structure.”
“Missing Daughters” is a comprehensive audit of the implementation of the PC-PNDT Act at the state-level (carried out in 20 of 71 districts) to ascertain whether available diagnostic technologies are properly regulated and monitored.
Poor records
The audit found that none of the diagnostic centres followed mandatory rules of preserving image records or backups taken during the ultrasonography of pregnant women. In 68% of cases, women did not even hold the necessary referral slips from their doctors.
Further, as per the PC-PNDT Act requires, a district appellate authority must maintain permanent records of all diagnostic centres including details of the ultrasound machines possessed. However, in 13 of 20 audited districts, no such records were available.
Despite this negligence, the audit found that “neither any action was taken nor any penalty imposed on the defaulting USG centres by District Magistrates” in 936 (58%) of 1,652 registered diagnostic centres in the surveyed districts. Only show-cause notices were issued to 221 centres in five years without follow-ups.
State and district advisory committees did not meet regularly, nor did they ensure proper follow up action on their directions. “This rendered the entire system of monitoring, created under the provisions of the PC-PNDT Act, ineffective and largely dysfunctional,” the CAG observed.
Owing to its size and population, Uttar Pradesh’s ineptitude in dealing with gender disparities has considerable impact on India’s ability to improve its performance in the global human development index.
Recently, the country was ranked 108th of 145 countries in the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index, much below neighbours such as Sri Lanka (84) and China (91). Along with Bihar and Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh is among the worst Indian states for women to live in, IndiaSpend reported in July.
Rest of India
“One in every four Indian girls is born in Uttar Pradesh," said George. "Thus, the state’s declining sex ratio seriously impacts India’s overall child sex ratio, and we are not likely to see much improvement in rankings in 2021 unless the issue is taken up seriously in the largest state."
The report on Uttar Pradesh is also symptomatic of a larger trend of states’ poor implementation of the Act across India, as IndiaSpend has previously reported in June 2015. Since the law came into effect in 1996, only 350 people have been convicted under the Act, suggesting vast underreporting of the crime, IndiaSpend reported in August.
Key findings from the CAG audit
- 68% ultrasonography cases did not hold the necessary referral slips from doctors who recommended such tests
- 57% did not mention the purpose of carrying out USG/diagnostic procedures.
- “It was difficult for the inspecting authorities to establish the purpose of carrying out diagnostic procedures and large scale misuse of technology for illegal sex determination could not be ruled out,” the audit noted.
- 0 test-checked centres followed mandatory rules of preserving sonographic image records or backups taken during ultrasonography of pregnant women.
- In 13 of 20 CAG-audited states, no records were maintained of all diagnostic centres including details of all ultrasound machines. As per the PC-PNDT rules, a district appellate authority (DAA) must maintain permanent records of all diagnostic centres to curb unauthorised practices.
- In the audit 120 ultrasound machines were found missing. The state had sealed these for breaching the provisions of PC-PNDT Act, 1994 between 2010-2015 but their whereabouts were unknown leaving them vulnerable to misuse.
- “One sealed machine was found to have been sold in Bulandshahr district and in two other machines at Agra were found to have been removed from the centres, without any intimation to the department,” the audit said.
- CAG inspections found sonography equipment did not did not have memory to save data for more than 24 hours making it difficult to verify their actual usage history.
- GoUP had not yet introduced a centralised online-tracking system for monitoring all scanning carried out on USG machines to control misuse of these machines for illegal purposes
- Only five meetings (33 per cent) of the State Supervisory Board had been held against the required 15 meetings during 2010-15. CAG also noticed that most of the recommendations made by SSB were not implemented.
- The State Advisory Committee (SAC) met 5 times against the required 30 meetings during 2010-15.
- 943 District Advisory Committee-level meetings (42%) were conducted during 2010-15, against the required 2250 meetings.
- Scrutiny revealed that GoUP neither notified any institute as accredited to impart training, nor conducted any examination of medical practitioners conducting ultrasonography.
- GoUP had not established a dedicated toll-free phone line as of October 2015 for registration of complaints nor department had any database of complaints received for their proper disposal. On this being pointed out in audit, the department stated (June 2015) that no phone line was established for complaint registration but complaints can be registered through their website which was established in November, 2014.
This article first appeared on IndiaSpend, a data-driven and public-interest journalism non-profit.