The allegations involving South Korean President Park Geun-hye and her friend of 40 years, Choi Soon-Sil, has all the hallmarks of an old-fashioned scandal in the country. But things are nonetheless not looking good for the president.
The plotline is mundane: Choi allegedly extorted $69 million from South Korean conglomerates (known as chaebol), including Samsung, Hyundai, LG, Lotte, and others, for personal use – in the form of donations to two foundations she controlled.
If this is true, it has certainly happened before. The practice of extracting slush funds from chaebol is called rent-sharing.
In the past, it has involved companies paying large amounts of money to the president to obtain monopoly rights, gain access to government capital, garner patents, avoid sanctions or punishments, and secure tax reductions. But since those bribes were often too big for financially troubled chaebol, they found it necessary to increase their size to multiply their earning capacity. One way to enhance revenue was to invest heavily in new technologies while suppressing unions and their demands for higher wages.
Ultimately, both the chaebol and the corrupt past governments were delighted with the result of rent-sharing. Gross domestic product rapidly increased due to massive exports of high-tech goods to foreign countries at cheap prices. And rent-sharing became a driver of economic growth.
A long tradition
Rent-sharing was first devised during the reign of Park Chung-hee (1961-1979), the current president’s late father. During his military dictatorship, no one could openly say anything about his friendship with Choi Soon-Sil’s father, Choi Tae-Min, the founder of an obscure sect called the Church of Eternal Life, and later, Crusaders to Save the Nation.
Reverend Choi allegedly had undue influence over the dictator. And when Park Chung-Hee was assassinated by the chief of the Korea Central Intelligence Agency in 1979, pro-democracy movements led by student activists sprouted up all over the country, calling for the imprisonment of all corrupt politicians, bureaucrats, and chaebol owners.
Democratisation finally happened in 1987, after a second military coup in 1979 and the massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators in the southern city of Kwangju in 1980. Despite full democratic reforms that allowed the election of civilian leaders to the presidential palace, the Blue House, civilian presidents continued to imitate the late dictator Park’s rent-sharing practices.
President Roh Tae Woo (1988-1992) was indicted and found guilty of raising US$650 million from chaebol owners.
Nobel Peace Prize-winning president Kim Dae-Jung (1998-2002) ended up having to leave the party he founded after his three sons and close aides were found guilty of collecting money from chaebol. The case of president Roh Moo-hyun (2003-2008) was the most tragic of all – he committed suicide while facing allegations of taking US$6 million in bribes.
Egregious allegations
Despite its commonplace theme, the Park Geun-hye allegations seem particularly egregious to many South Koreans because it reminds them of her father’s – and Choi’s father’s – alleged misdeeds. They are embarrassed about this seemingly unending saga consuming the unlikely figure of President Park, whose father is thought to have been assassinated for corruption that involved Choi’s father.
Park is refusing to step down from the presidency despite 700,000 demonstrators demanding she do so on November 12. Choi Soon-Sil has been arrested as have two of Park’s former aides. And, in a first for South Korean political history, a sitting president is likely to be interrogated by prosecutors. But Park is doing all she can to avoid this.
Park is accused of organising the Blue House for Choi’s rent-sharing practices. Choi, who didn’t have any public position in the government, is alleged to have been given presidential power, even as Park severed ties with her own brother and sister. What’s more, the alleged bribes collected would not have directly benefited Park; but it would have benefited Choi and her allies.
Park has been described as Choi’s “puppet”, and protesters keep portraying her as such.
Running out of time
In September, the South Korean legislature implemented an anti-graft law (also known as the Kim Young-Ran law after the judge who drafted it) aiming to stop gift-giving in exchange for public or private preferences. It’s now discussing a new law that would allow the government to confiscate all illicit wealth accrued by rent-sharing.
It’s unclear whether President Park Geun-hye will step down soon, if at all (her one five-year term expires in February 2018). Angry voters are promising to hold more rallies.
Opposition and some former ruling party members are joining together to start an official impeachment process in the National Assembly. And leaders of the ruling Saenuri Party, who refused to resign have now been completely deserted by party members openly siding with the opposition in calling for impeachment.
Meanwhile, the prosecutor’s office has summoned key Blue House staff, chaebol owners who are suspected of having giving funds to Choi Soon-Sil and her friends, and the president herself.
Park’s room for manoeuvre is quickly vanishing, although she’s trying hard to find a way to save face by not resigning. But current political leaders are unanimous that the president should be impeached if she doesn’t voluntarily step down.
Park’s time is running out. She might soon have to offer her third apology to the nation, this time with her final decision.
Ingyu Oh, Professor of Sociology, Korea University.
This article first appeared on The Conversation.
