It has more illiterate people – by proportion – than any Indian state and although literacy rose 14.8 percentage points over a decade to 2011, there is a crisis in Bihar’s primary education system: Its classrooms are India’s most crowded and have the fewest teachers. Yet, India’s sixth-poorest state spends the least money per student, according to an IndiaSpend analysis of government data.
Bihar has 37.3% fewer teachers than it needs in elementary school (Class 1 to Class 8), and is short of 2,78,602 teachers, according to our analysis based on Right to Education Act criteria, which stipulates a pupil teacher ratio of 30:1 in primary schools (Class 1 to Class 5) and 35:1 in upper primary school (Class 6 to Class 8).
Of six million teaching positions in government schools nationwide, about 9,00,000 elementary school teaching positions and 1,00,000 in secondary school – put together, a million – are vacant, as IndiaSpend reported last month according to an answer given in the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament). Of these, at least 2,00,000 vacancies are in Bihar’s government elementary schools.
As the first part of this series observed, literacy rates and learning outcomes are some of the lowest in the BIMARU (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) states. By 2020, India will have the world’s largest working population – 869 million – but an IndiaSpend analysis of these four states – with 43.6% of India’s school-age population between the age of five and 14 – revealed that India is unprepared to educate and train its young population.
Bihar is India’s third-most populous state, with 99 million people; its literacy rate (61.8%) is the country’s lowest; and the female literacy rate (51.5%) second lowest, according to Census 2011. Bihar’s median age, at 20, is India’s lowest – the Indian average is 26.6.
Reading levels in Bihar government primary schools declined over five years and improved in private schools, according to the Annual Status of Education Report–Trends Over Time Report (2006-14); not an encouraging sign, since 90% of all Bihar schools are run by the government.
62% primary students do not complete education
Nearly 5% of children from Bihar aged six to 14 years are estimated to be out of school, according to this 2015 human resource development ministry education profile. Of those out of school, 55% children were never enrolled and 25% dropped out of school.
Of those in primary school, barely 85% made it to upper primary school in 2014-15, the third lowest proportion in India after Nagaland and Uttar Pradesh, according to Unified-District Information System For Education data.
No more than 38% students enrolled in Class 1 complete their secondary education (Class 10) in Bihar, according to the Bihar Economic Survey 2015-16.
Not enough classrooms, teachers
With nearly 28% of its population aged five to 14 (28.9 million), Bihar reported 23.4 million students in elementary school in 2015-16 and 46,7,877 teachers (even including schools where primary, upper primary and secondary levels co-existed, and teachers on temporary contract), according to government education data.
Bihar should have 746,479 teachers in elementary school, according to the pupil teacher ratio criterion of 1 teacher for every 30 students in primary school and one teacher for every 35 students in upper primary. The teacher shortage is mostly in primary school, with one teacher for every 36 students, India’s lowest rate after Uttar Pradesh, according to the U-DISE Flash Statistics 2015-16. The Indian average pupil teacher ratio in primary school is 23.
Bihar has a teacher pupil ratio of 24 in upper primary, higher than the all-India ratio of 17, but lower than the prescribed guideline of 35.
While teacher absenteeism has declined in the state from 39% in 2003 to 28% in 2010, as this 2014 study reported, it is still higher than the all India average of 24%.
Bihar also has India’s worst count of students per elementary school classroom, 51–which includes grade I to grade VII–according to U-DISE (2015-16) data. The ratio declined from 65 in 2012-13 to 51 in 2015-16 but continues to be higher than the national average of 27.
Lowest per-student expenditure on elementary education
Bihar has India’s second largest population aged five to 14 (Uttar Pradesh is first), but the government spends little per student.
Bihar recorded India’s lowest per student expenditure on elementary education, Rs 5,298 in 2014-15, according to this commentary in the Economic and Political Weekly. The best-performing state (among the 18 surveyed), Himachal Pradesh, spent Rs 39,343 per student in 2014-15–or nearly seven-and-a-half times as much.
Bihar has improved its student-teacher ratio by employing contract teachers – called para teachers – at lower salaries than teachers with permanent jobs.
Para-teachers in the districts of Nalanda and Purnea, for instance, are paid Rs 6,400-6,800 per month, while regular teachers earn Rs 23,000 - Rs 28,000, according to this 2013 survey by Accountability Initiative, a think tank based in Delhi.
As a result, Bihar spends a lower proportion of its elementary education budget on teacher salaries, training and inputs than Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan, according to this 2014 study, How Much Does India Spend Per Student on Elementary Education, by Accountability Initiative.
By spending a lower proportion of the elementary education budget on teachers, Bihar spends more money on other things such as midday meals and providing incentives to attract children to schools – such as free textbooks and uniforms – bringing back out-of-school children into formal education, according to the Accountability Initiative study.
Still, the capital expenditure – money spent on new schools and classrooms – has been meagre and fluctuates every year. In 2015-2016, Bihar allocated 5.75% of its total education budget on school infrastructure – inadequate in a state that has an average of 51 students in a classroom.
This article first appeared on IndiaSpend, a data-driven and public-interest journalism non-profit.
