A few years ago, Barkheda village in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh was a typical example of how rural communities neglect their common resources and let them degrade or be used by a few influential households. Then, a few villagers decided it was time for change.
With the help of development workers from a non-profit with expertise in natural resources management, some of them figured out that the commons could be used for the benefit of the community at large. They started raising their voice at village council meetings.
“The gram sabha [village council] provided a much-needed platform for the villagers to raise their voice, and exert social pressure on encroachers to remove their encroachments from the common water bodies,” said Santlal, a resident of Barkheda.
Santlal echoes the sentiments of many in the community that has taken its affairs in its own hands. With the confidence that comes from self-governance, the community has breathed life into its schools and anganwadis – day care centers for pre-school children – besides managing their common resources such as forests, ponds and check dams efficiently.
The transformation
With a predominantly tribal population, Barkheda is a village typical of the central Indian landscape. With marginal landholdings that are mostly rain-fed, the households earn about Rs 50,000 per year. Typical of a tribal village, Barkheda, though rich in natural resources, was riddled with poverty. Then the villagers took charge of their natural resources and established a village executive committee. Since then the committee has been governing all water bodies of Barkheda. The village now has rules on water usage, based on the principles of equity.
For instance, better water management enabled 13 farmers in the village to cultivate a second crop on 10 hectares of land. They started with cultivating wheat but it required more water than was allotted to them. So the committee asked them to shift to lentils and pigeon pea, which require less water. Thus, the matter was resolved to the satisfaction of all members of the committee. The water resources are managed so well that the villagers now have water even for their cattle in summer; earlier they used to take the cattle far in search of water.
The committee completed a partially built school building and got some of the habitations electrified. It also loaned money to a village youth so he could start working as a representative of a public-sector bank. The young man has opened a kiosk and offers banking services in the village. It is the only kiosk in Bichhiya administrative block, to which Barkheda belongs, which is exclusively serving villagers. There are a few more operating in Bichhiya town.
Ripple effect
Taking cue from Barkheda, many neighboring villages have begun to manage their water resources. A resurgence of community fisheries has also been observed in the Bichhiya block. Most village ponds in Madhya Pradesh were unproductive due to the lack of maintenance and protection, one example being Kherotola village in Thonda panchayat.
Like Barkheda and Kherotola, more than 90 villages in Bichhiya have been transformed thanks to self-governance. The common factor in all these villages is the focus on community deliberations and the growing confidence in collective planning and in developing inclusive rules.
Now more than 50 villages have a minimum corpus of Rs 50,000 each. More than 60 villages have removed encroachment and improved management of their common resources. The villages have moved on from individual village level action to a federation level action. Recently, a federation of villages approached the local MP for a road to a member village.
Gram swaraj
The impact of self-governance is far-reaching, reflecting the Gandhian vision of gram swaraj, where communities manage their own affairs through local norms and boost the local economy towards collective prosperity.
The model has had critics too, the most prominent being BR Ambedkar. He opined that without eliminating feudal and caste divides, gram swaraj may further reduce the democratic rights of marginalised people. However, the ideas of Ambedkar and Gandhi have been peacefully mingling on the ground for decades. For instance, in Kherotola, when a widow ruptured the embankment of a pond to irrigate her land, the villagers handled her case with empathy. The bund was repaired and arrangements were made so that she could draw water without damaging the embankment.
Similarly, there are sanctions for violating community rules, depending upon the gravity and frequency of violation. This is because villagers value modern principles of democracy and natural justice, given their improved levels of education and awareness. Universal adult franchise, positive discriminatory laws and decades of public education in democracy have contributed slowly but surely in improving grassroots democracy.
With the 73rd amendment to the Constitution and Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, gram swaraj received a further boost. Laws such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, and the Forest Rights Act, 2006 enable the marginalised communities to advocate, form collectives and express themselves economically and politically.
Need for self-governance
What inclined Bichhiya villages towards self-governance? First, tribal societies have an age-old culture of self-help and self-rule that manifests itself now and then, though the state downplays it. Second, major policies are all encompassing, bypassing locale-specific needs, especially the needs of tribal areas. One can say the interventions came out of pressing need.
The Foundation for Ecological Security, an NGO working on eco-restoration and strengthening of village institutions, has been trying to nurture these initiatives, where civil society is an important contributor. Most importantly, the strong leadership in these villages is responsible for such transformation.
The vision of leaders such as Raisingh Kushram of Barkheda has helped steer the cause. In order to restore a water body, he convinced the encroachers to remove their encroachment, even though it took him a year.
Key challenges
While gram swaraj draws its strength from the Constitution, legalities reduce the scope for village governance to a bare minimum. Self-governance is curtailed by a number of rules and legislation, which is compounded by the lackadaisical implementation of acts such as the Forest Rights Act.
Moreover, as Ambedkar pointed out, fissures of caste and religion, compounded by divisions caused by exploitation from the colonial times, pose a grave danger to democracy at all levels. Such aberrations can be addressed, although it is a long-drawn process of democratisation, education and awareness.
The civil society, which has by and large been focusing on short-term gains, has to understand that it is a marathon, not a sprint. Transformations need to be supported and nurtured for long durations.
Finally, growing materialism and changing value systems weaken community cohesiveness in villages.
Way forward
The close-knit rural communities need to keep their strength of community bonding intact. Networking will bolster the efforts and improve the functioning of village administrative institutions. Working together on issues will help villages learn from each other’s successes and failures, making redressal of larger inter-village issues easier.
“We have worked on our natural resources,” said Raisingh Kushram, president of Barkheda village committee. “Now we need to improve education and health in our village.”
Ishan Agrawal works with the Foundation for Ecological Security, a non-governmental organisation, and is based in Mandla, Madhya Pradesh.
This article first appeared on The Village Square.