The dulcet ring of the oud is impossible to miss on the soundtrack of Yahudi, Bimal Roy’s unlikely Bollywood historical made in 1958 about the persecution of Jews in ancient Rome. The background score, composed by Shankar and Jaikishan, has a vaguely Middle Eastern feel to it and as the plot twists and turns, it often falls to the versatile Arabian stringed instrument to signal the swirling emotions. As massacres are ordered, betrayals ensue and Dilip Kumar falls in love with Meena Kumari, the oud sobs, sighs and sings to enhance the mood on screen. It could easily have descended into kitsch. Perhaps the reason it didn’t was the fact that the man plucking the strings, Isaac David, was well acquainted with Middle Eastern music.
David was Jewish himself and in the early years of the last century, he had polished his art by playing with an ensemble in Mumbai that recorded four discs of Iraqi Jewish tunes for the Hebrew Record label.
Some of those tunes can be heard on a collection called Shir Hodu: Jewish Song from Bombay of the ’30s, which offers a fascinating reminder of the city’s cosmopolitan heritage. Released in 2009, the 15 archival tracks on the album have been painstakingly put together by Sara Manasseh, a Mumbai-born Iraqi Jewish ethnomusicologist who now lives in London. During the 1930s, Mumbai was “a musical kaleidoscope”, Manasseh says in her liner notes, and the pieces included music and Jewish prayer chants in Hebrew.
In 2012, Manasseh explained the historical and theoretical context of this music in a book titled Shbahoth – Songs of Praise in the Babylonian Jewish Tradition: From Baghdad to Bombay to London.
Mumbai has long been home to three distinct Jewish groups. The largest is the Bene Israel, who believe that their ancestors were shipwrecked off the Alibaug coast in 175 BCE. From the nineteenth century, Iraqi Jewish traders – Manasseh’s ancestors – fleeing religious persecution began to settle in the commercial capital. This group came to be known as the Baghdadis. In the 1930s, a small number of Jews from Kochi, whose ancestors had arrived in Kerala in the 10th century BCE, also lived in Mumbai.
Both the Bene Israel and the Baghdadis had vibrant musical traditions in the 1930s. The Bene Israeli repertoire was in Marathi, drawing its themes from the Psalms and other Biblical sources. Among the prominent community musicians was Nathan Solomon Satamkar, a dashing silent movie actor whose family established two musical schools to provide instruction in such instruments as the sitar and the dilruba, Manasseh said.
To Mumbai’s ears, the music of the Baghdadis must have seemed far more exotic. Shir Hodu includes tracks by Silman Museri, whose group included “dancing girls who would balance candelabras on their heads”, Manasseh said in an email interview. Also popular was Mnashi Abu Moshe, a blind singer who sometimes entertained at parties thrown by Manasseh’s grandparents. “He would sing popular Arabic songs from Baghdad, and also improvise songs…about people who were at the party,” Manasseh said. “My grandmother would sit by him and tell him who was there.”
Crossover sounds
Soon, some of these Jewish tunes made their way to wider audences. Among these was Habibi, which became Jata Kahaan Hai Diwaane in the 1956 film CID. (Listen here). “It was introduced by the Maimon brothers, who came to India from Palestine and taught it to friends in Bombay,” Manasseh said. “One of the sisters in the Ma’atuk family, a Jewish family in Byculla, sang it to the music director, OP Nayyar, who adapted it.” The tune is part of the repertoire of the Rivers of Babylon, the group Manasseh has put together in London to perform Baghdadi Jewish music.
Mumbai’s Jews also made themselves heard on movie soundtracks. Isaac David, whose oud enlivened Yahudi, also played the qanun (a Middle Eastern zither), mandolin and guitar in the film studios. David had been taught by Faizulla Taghioff, a dealer in precious stones who came to Mumbai from Samarkand. Taghioff can be heard on many tracks on Shir Hodu. He also played the mandolin in many films, including Awaara and Mera Naam Joker, performing under the stage name Abdul Rahim Taghioff.
To Manasseh, the songs on Shir Hodu carry a melodious message about the character of the Baghdadis – and about Mumbai. “This illustrates the great love for music, their inherent joie de vivre,” Manasseh said. “The Baghdadians were very much part of the surrounding society. Bombay (and Mumbai today) being such a cosmopolitan city, Baghdadians were soon very much at home with all, whoever they met.” Manasseh added: “That is the wonderful thing about Bombay/Mumbai – everyone is different, and so everyone is the same. There was no artificial ‘tolerance’ of the ‘other’. We were all the ‘other’ and therefore all the same.”
Here’s a performance by Manasseh’s group, Rivers of Babylon.
This article was first published on Taj Mahal Foxtrot.