Cancer of the uterine cervix, also known as cervical cancer, is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in India. Almost one lakh women fall victim to the insidious disease every year in the country.
Researchers at the National Institute of Immunology in New Delhi are in the process of fine tuning a solution that promises to add a highly potent weapon to the armoury against cervical cancer. They have extracted and identified a tumour antigen called SPAG9 based on which a vaccine is being produced.
Invasion of foreign bodies like bacteria or virus usually trigger a volley of fighter cells called T cells. These T cells surround germs and fight them. Each type of virus or bacteria requires specific antigen T cells. Vaccination primes the body to potential threats and keeps the arsenal of antigens ever ready to fight an invasion. However, this cannot happen with cancer. Even though they are rogue elements, cancer cells are after all from within the affected persons themselves. The body’s immune system cannot normally recognise them as a threat. It, therefore, allows them to proliferate all over the body.
Immunotherapy is a new approach that exploits body’s inner capability to put up a fight against cancer. Under the approach, either immune system is given a boost or the T cells are “trained’’ to identify recalcitrant cancer cells and kill them.
The National Institute of Immunology scientists are using this strategy. “We take cells called monocytes from the patient’s blood and modify them into what are called dendritic cells,” Dr Anil Kumar Suri, director of the National Institute of Immunology. “These cells have efficient antigens to stimulate the ‘fighter’ cells, or T-cells, in the body. They are then primed with the tumour antigen SPAG9, for ten days, and given back to the patients in the form of a vaccine. The ‘educated’ T cells are able to discriminate the cancer cells and put up a fight against them.”
A therapeutic vaccine based on the antigen is being tested among 54 patients at Cancer Institute (WIA) in Chennai. The human trials are being conducted subsequent to elaborate trials with animal models.
“The tumor antigen, which is expressed in reproductive tract cancers and a variety of malignancies, has proved successful in phase I trials,”said Suri. “This means it has been proved to be safe on human subjects. Phase II clinical trials are presently underway to gauge its efficacy. We hope to get positive results by next year.”
Poor health, malnutrition, unhygienic environment are the main cause of Human papillomavirus infection that leads to cervical cancer. Normally our body has tumor suppressor genes and proteins which are able to suppress formation of tumours. The cells in a tumour multiply uncontrollably with hardly any cell death.
National Institute of Immunology has outsourced the manufacture of recombinant SPAG9 to Syngene International (Biocon Limited), Bangalore. “If the trials succeed, it will be the first molecule identified in India and will be an example of translational research outcome. Our findings have opened new avenues for novel treatment modalities in battling the deadly disease of cancer worldwide,” said Suri.
This article was first published by India Science Wire.