More than two weeks after flood waters swept through the district of Araria in northern Bihar, dry rations to be distributed as the relief supplies on part of the government were being packed by volunteers at the office of the district collector. The volunteers said the first supplies of dry rations were packed and dispatched on August 23 – ten days after devastating floods struck the area.
So far, 514 people have died in the floods in the state.
According to the guidelines in the state’s disaster management policy, the government should immediately provide food to flood affected people, alongside monetary compensation, for a period of one month or more if required.
But on the ground in Araria, where 95 people have been killed – the highest in a district in Bihar – and 2.2 lakh people rendered homeless in floods that started on August 12, residents say relief operations by the government took days to begin. A press statement issued by the state disaster management department on August 20 claimed 31,908 food packets had been airdropped over the flood affected areas across the state. The statement also said 492,174 people had received food in 2,569 community kitchens – 132,000 people in 992 kitchens in Araria district alone.
Around the district, however, there were widespread complaints by residents that they had been largely left to fend for themselves. While some had commandeered mid-day meal stocks in nearby schools, others went without food for days.
Gayatri Devi, a resident of Khariya basti in Araria town, who lost almost everything in the floods, said for the 15 days she and her family spent on the highway, they mostly went hungry.
“A few charitable organisations and individuals distributed packets of dry rations, but that was hardly enough for the large numbers that had assembled on the roads,” she said. “On some days, we managed food from a few of the functional hotels. But mostly, we, including our five children, did not manage to eat more than once a day.”
The principal secretary of the state disaster management department, Pratyaya Amrit, admitted there was a delay in relief supplies reaching people. He attributed the delay to the scale of the floods. Between August 11-13, Araria received 367 mm rainfall – more than the average for entire August, he said. During the same period, across the border, Nepal saw 600 mm rainfall. “The surprise and enormity of it all hit the administration as much as the people,” said Amrit. “The residences of the district magistrate, the superintendent of the police, government offices, wireless sets were under water. We could not respond immediately.”
Amrit maintained that relief supplies by the government eventually reached 13 lakh people across the state.
When floodwaters started rising
As India turned 70 on August 15, the people of Araria district had little to celebrate. Three days earlier, heavy rain started pounding the area, which adjoins Nepal. The rain intensified over the next two days. By the evening of August 13, the Bihar government’s disaster management department had categorised Araria district as “entirely affected by floods”, alongside adjoining Purnea and Kishanganj districts.
Bihar, one of India’s most flood-prone state, faces devastating floods year after year. Much of the flooding is caused by the Kosi river, a major tributary of the Ganga, which drains eastern Nepal. During the monsoon, a combination of glacial melting in the Himalayas and heavy seasonal rain often leads to a surge in the level of water in the river, which leads to flooding downstream.
In a letter dated April 24 to collectors of all flood-prone districts in the state, including Araria, Bihar’s disaster management department asked the local administration to put in place measures to deal with possible floods by June 30. These measures include identification of vulnerable populations, protection of embankments, putting in place information dissemination systems, arranging for boats, polythene sheets, medical aid for humans and cattle, making provisions for safe drinking water and dry ration.
Yet, when the floods arrived, the administration was caught completely unawares. Instead of information on rainfall and flooding from a well-prepared administration, people relied on television channels for updates about rising water levels.
As water rushed into houses and farms across villages and towns in this district, people fled for their lives, most unable to carry anything with them. They spent days on elevated highways and along railway tracks, often with nothing to eat, even as the rain continued in spells till the third week of August.
On August 15, the department noted that more than 7.5 lakh of the district’s 28 lakh population had been affected. By September 5, this figure would be revised to 17.5 lakh flood-affected people. The August 15 press release noted that only 101 personnel from the National Disaster Response Force and State Disaster Response Force had been deployed in the district, with only 11 boats at their disposal.
This indicates most people in the district were left on their own to deal with the flooding and the aftermath.
While Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar and Prime Minister Narendra Modi conducted an aerial tour of Araria on August 26 ostensibly to oversee flood relief operations, local residents say that there was little to see in terms of rescue and relief operations for those who were dealing with the tragedy on the ground.
By the end of August, the disconnect between people’s needs and government action in the district was glaring. Although two weeks had passed since the waters started receding on August 15, people say there was no agency of the state and no government officials on the ground to help them as they started gathering together the scattered fragments of their lives.
According to the Bihar government’s latest figures, Araria has been worst affected by the floods. Though the total population affected by floods (17.5 lakh) is less than that in West Champaran, Katihar, Sitamarhi and Darbhanga districts, Araria has the highest number of people who have been rendered homeless (2.2 lakh).
Even then, disaster management operations here are proceeding at a languid pace with little attention being paid to the standard operating procedures for flood relief.
Communities pitch in
While government statements immediately after the floods struck said that the state had made arrangements for community kitchens as well as made efforts to ensure the supply of essentials to flood-hit areas, people said that relief camps, wherever they were operational, were made possible because of local initiatives and not due to interventions of the state.
“It was local leaders and charitable organisations who ran some camps around this place for five to six days,” said a group of men at the Purnea bus stand in the neighbouring district of the same name. “They arranged for material from traders who had managed to save their ware, promising them money for the same later. But even these camps were shut abruptly once grain supplies ran out.”
They added, agitatedly: “People had no option but to go hungry.”
In most places in Araria and Purnea, as the waters rose, school and aanganwadi buildings were transformed into informal relief camps. Community leaders took the lead in starting free kitchens in schools, utilising grain stocked for mid-day meals for flood relief. In Shankarpur panchayat bordering Nepal for instance, gram panchayat members swung into action much before the worst of the flood hit.
Rakesh Vishwas, the husband of panchayat chief Sarita Devi (the seat is reserved for women candidates), said, “By August 13, we had formed a security patrol team. We gathered whatever boats were available in the village and started rescuing those who had been marooned in rising waters. Connectivity with 17 places in the panchayat area had been cut off due to submergence, but there wasn’t a single relief team in sight…We opened the school and community hall so people could take shelter, and used the stock of grains in the school to organise food. All of this was without any government help.”
The six locally arranged relief camps in Shankarpur panchayat operated for around four to five days, providing much needed food and shelter to 2,500 to 3,000 people of the 10,000 strong population.
“It was only after Jio SIM cards started working August 16 onwards that we managed to establish contact with the district magistrate,” said Vishwas. “Later that day, the administration instructed local government officials to organise and run relief camps making use of whatever food grain was available locally in schools. We were already running camps and continued them for another couple of days till waters started receding.”
For many, like the residents of Arariya town’s Kharaiya Basti, even these relief camps were not accessible. Mohammed Mushtaq, a resident of the basti who earns his livelihood as a labourer in welding works, says people in the low-income neighbourhood had no option but to take shelter from rising waters on the state highway, around Ghodi Chowk.
Shahid Alam recalled how the water came suddenly. “At around 4 in the morning of August 14, I saw that rising waters from the river close by had reached the road. Within less than an hour, it was in our courtyards, and rising rapidly,” he said, while pointing at damp marks on still standing mud walls that showed how high the waters had risen.
“It was almost seven feet, enough to drown all of us,” offered his neighbours.
Rotten supplies
Although the government had passed orders to distribute food packets (comprising 5 kg rice, 1 kg dal, 2 kg potatoes, 0.5 kg salt and turmeric) on August 15, people said they started receiving these only towards the end of the month.
“Even then the potatoes they supplied were rotten, and in some cases, the dal of very inferior quality,” said Mohammed Niyaz of Kharaiya basti.
“In this too, there was problem in distribution,” said Ashish Ranjan from the Jan Jagran Sangharsh Samiti, a grassroots organisation that has been working in the district for the past decade. “The disbursals happened according to the PDS [Public Distribution Scheme] beneficiary list drawn up in 2011. The list had issues with exclusion of a large number of people, and these people were entirely left out of the relief mechanism.”
Indeed, in the areas in the district where this correspondent travelled at the end of August, the only relief available to people till then had come from a handful organisations like the Samiti, Bihar Youth Organisation, Red Cross and the Association for India’s Development, a non-profit.
In isolated pockets, political parties distributed food packets among their votebanks. For instance, in Shankarpur panchayat , BJP panchayat president Sadanand Sardar said, “From the party, we distributed food packets in Mahadalit neighbourhoods. Their hamlets are generally located in the low-lying areas, and we needed to help them through this crisis.”
A local resident overhearing this conversation, who said he was part of the group that distributed these packets in the Mahadalit hamlet outside Shankarpur, said that the party had bought supplies for the food packets from Nepal because none were available on the Indian side following the floods.
Update: This story was updated at 3 pm to include the response of the principal secretary of Bihar’s disaster management department.
