Ilaichi Bai makes the black, round grains swirl in her palm. The Kodu millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), known for its drought resistance and high nutrition, is being harvested by a group of women on her farm at Umarwada village of Mandla district in eastern Madhya Pradesh. The 1.2-hectare farm had not yielded any crop for past 15 years.
Till last year, the land hosted Lantana camara, an invasive plant that often grows into thickets of bushes with clusters of red, orange, pink and yellow florets. Lantana was introduced as an ornamental plant to India in 1800s, but has since infested the forests, grazing grounds and farms, taking over 13 million hectare, which is around 4% of the total land area of the country.
It has little use because even animals do not eat its leaves but birds and insects eat to its fruits, thus helping disperse the seeds. The dense thickets elbow out the native species preferred by herbivores, greatly impacting the ecology and economics of a place. The Global Invasive Species Information Network identifies lantana among the top 10 invasive species in the world.
At Umarwada too, around 35 hectare of private farmland adjacent to the Kanha National Park fell to lantana, affecting the livelihood of people. Ilaichi Bai was one of them.
“There was a time when we used to till those uplands, but as the wild animals, especially the boars, started damaging the crop, some of us stopped putting that effort. The farmers who were still keen on growing crops suffered greater losses as the impact of wild animals, which was distributed earlier, got concentrated on their farms,” she told VillageSquare.in. “Over the years, everyone left their fields fallow and lantana took over.”
The farmers started focusing only on growing rice in the leveled low lands, which, although visited by wild animals, are easier to manage being closer to the habitations.
Joining forces
After years of looking helplessly at lantana taking over their farms, villagers have now joined forces to root it out. Starting in 2016, they have removed the plant from around 22 hectares through combined labour. “It takes around four people to pull out lantana, whose root system is shallow but very dense. Most families in the village were engaged in this work,” said Tilak Singh Parthi, president of the Prakriti Sansadhan Prabhandhan Samiti, a village committee to manage natural resources that coordinated the work.
To start with, the committee first mapped out the whole farmland based on revenue records, marking the fields infested with lantana. “It was essential to identify the land as many farmers did not remember the size and contours of their farms. Moreover, mapping helped devise a plan to start the work,” said Suhas K Hamsagar of the Foundation for Ecological Security, a non-profit organisation that guided the villagers in the process. Fes also provided partial financial support while the landowners put in 16% of the total cost.
Removal of lantana is problematic as the traditional methods of cutting, burning or haphazard uprooting leads to recurrence. “When the soil is turned during removal exercise, seeds of lantana lying dormant under the ground get exposed to sun and moisture which aids their germination,” R Siddappa Setty, associate professor at the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, who has been studying the spread of lantana and working towards restoration of the infested land in wildlife sanctuaries, told VillageSquare.in. “When fire is used, the heat breaks the outer shell of the dormant seeds leading to quick germination and hence rapid regrowth of lantana.”
The cut rootstock method, developed by CR Babu of the Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystem, is the only successful way to clear lantana. In this method, the root of the plant is cut three inches below the ground with minimum disturbance of the soil. The bush is then lifted up and kept upside down to prevent it from gaining ground again.
Reclaiming farmland
With the land cleared, farmers at Umarwada sowed millets and oilseeds, and also went for agroforestry and natural barriers to reduce losses from wild animals. Khamer (Gmelina arborea), Ladia (Lagerstroemia Parviflora) and bamboo take the lead. Bamboo is being put up as a barrier to prevent animals from entering the fields while Ladia fetches good money as it is used extensively to build houses in the area.
“Wild animals will still visit us but if we everyone continues to till their land, the damage will remain distributed,” Parasram, who removed lantana from 3 hectares of his land, told VillageSquare.in. “Also, the low lands will be saved from the damage as the animals will have their fill on the upland.”
The benefits are multiple. “I am growing millets on the land but there’s also increased access to tendu leaves and mahua flowers, which were difficult to retrieve earlier due to dense spread of lantana,” Parasram adds. Considering the high out-migration to cities for work, the optimum utilisation of local bio-wealth can raise incomes in the villages. “Greater economic benefits are essential to ensure that farmers continue to till their lands and hence prevent recurrence of lantana infestation,” said Hamsagar.
Lantana can re-sprout easily and hence immediate restoration of the land has to be done. While it is easy to plant a crop and weed out any new lantana growth on private lands, common pastures and forests remain the most affected because the management requires collective efforts by community and government departments. There are a few examples, however, of land reclamation even in these areas.
At Indravan village, around 15 km from Umarwada in Mandla, villagers revived 15 hectares of revenue forestland. After removing the lantana bushes, they prepared mud balls containing seeds of native grasses and threw them across the land. Grass is best species to restore a land as it spreads rapidly, promotes the soil-stabilising microbes and restores the nutrient cycle that helps growth of other species. From being covered by lantana till five years back, the land now boasts of trees like teak, saaj (Terminalia elliptica), dhawa (Anogeissus latifolia), bamboo, amla and baheda, besides several grasses that serve as cattle feed.
Earlier, the villagers used to take animals for grazing to the buffer zone of Kanha National Park, but there was never enough. “The buffer zone has suffered a lot due to extensive open grazing. Also, it meant we had to spend hours in the forest with the animals when the same time could be used on the farm,” Devaram Maravi of Indravan told VillageSquare.in. “Now, we take grass grown on this land and stall feed the animals, which also means the dung remains at home to be used as farm manure. During the off season, when the land has no grass, the animals still go for open grazing in the buffer zone.”
In the Bandipura National Park on the Mysore-Ooty road, lantana has invaded around 50% of the forest, said a study done by the Nature Conservation Foundation using satellite imagery. The plant thrives especially in disturbed or fragmented locations such as around roads and streams before spreading to the forest interiors.
JungleScapes, a Bengaluru-based non-profit, has been working with the forest department to restore 100 hectares of the land in Bandipura. The group trained 22 people from local villages in cut rootstock method. Native grass was planted in the cleared area but no plant species was introduced.
“We call it passive restoration. The native plants of the area came up on their own after removal of lantana and we dug trenches to store water that sustained these plants,” Ramesh Venkataraman of JungleScapes told VillageSquare.in over telephone. “This ensures that the density of a particular species is in natural order instead of planned plantation based on our learning, which might be faulty.”
Around 80% of removed bushes are given to villagers for use as fuel wood. Locals have also been trained to make furniture items and small souvenirs out of the wood, which are sold in four shops of the area. “The skill helps the villagers earn around Rs 4,000 per month by putting in a few hours every day. We are, however, not able to put a premium on the products which could have funded the ecological restoration work. People are not yet ready to pay that price,” said Venkataraman.
Many non-profit groups have learnt from the example and are trying to replicate it in their field areas resulting in restoration of biodiversity and new economic avenues for the people living around lantana.
Field reportage for this article was made possible with support from the Trans Disciplinary University-Nature India Media Fellowship.
Manu Moudgil is a journalist based in Chandigarh. Views are personal.
This article first appeared on Village Square.
