Senator Kamala Harris being picked by Joe Biden as his running mate has put a spotlight on the Indian American community in the United States.
The interest, in part, stems from her origins. Her mother, Shyamala Gopalan, was a biologist from Chennai. Her father, Donald Harris, an economist, was from Jamaica. After her parents divorced, her mother raised Kamala Harris and her sister as members of the Black Church. But her mother also took Harris to Hindu temples.
In her memoir, Harris writes about her Indian origins.
I am a political scientist of Indian origin who has followed the rising trajectory of Indian Americans in American politics.
Though Indian Americans constitute a mere 1.5% of the population, their impact on American politics can be disproportionate. Indian Americans are among the wealthiest and most educated of all immigrant groups in the US.
The question is: How exactly do they vote?
Presence in American politics
At 4 million, Indian Americans are one of the fastest-growing immigrant groups in the United States and the second-largest immigrant group after Mexicans.
The community, however, started with modest numbers, owing to severe restrictions on immigration prior to the passage of the landmark Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.
This legislation, that ended immigration on the basis of national origins and prioritised highly skilled workers, led to a dramatic increase of immigration from Asia. A disproportionate segment of those who formed the first wave of migrants were middle-class professionals – doctors, educators and managers.
In 1957, Dalip Singh Saund became the first Asian American to be elected to the US House of Representatives, coming from a district in southern California. A naturalised US citizen of Indian heritage, he was subsequently elected for two more terms before he suffered a stroke in 1962 and was too ill to run again.
Indian Americans were a minority in Saund’s constituency – California’s 29th District – which includes part of Los Angeles County. Saund pursued a campaign that could overcome widespread suspicion, distrust and even outright hostility toward immigrants from South Asia.
In 2005, another Indian American, Piyush “Bobby” Jindal, became the second Indian American to be elected to the House of Representatives. In 2011, Pramila Jayapal, became the first Indian American woman in the US House of Representatives. Today there are five Indian Americans in Congress including Kamala Harris in the Senate.
Being a high-earning and educated immigrant group makes Indian Americans a very attractive pool of potential donors for political campaigns. In the current election season, they have emerged as significant donors. Not surprisingly, both Republicans and Democrats make ardent efforts to court them, especially in highly contested regions.
Affluent Indian American vote
Since the days of President Ronald Reagan, the Republican Party had tried a “big tent” strategy, an effort to accommodate people of various political leanings. That, however, is no longer the case, especially under US President Trump.
The approach was ostensibly designed to broaden the appeal of the party especially to hitherto marginalised communities and immigrant groups of colour including those from various developing nations as well as Hispanics.
The party did attract particular individuals of Indian American origin who rose to positions of considerable prominences, such as Bobby Jindal, the former governor of Louisiana, and Nikki Haley, the erstwhile American ambassador to the United Nations whose parents emigrated to the US from Punjab.
However, the party could not genuinely broaden its Indian American base across the country. Both these individuals also distanced themselves from their religious roots by converting to Christianity.
Particular episodes also alienated Indian Americans from the party. In one such episode in 2006, George Allen, a former Republican senator from Virginia, while running for office during a campaign rally referred to a young Indian American as Macaca, a certain species of monkey.
“This fellow here, over here with the yellow shirt. Macaca or whatever his name is. He’s with my opponent, he’s following us around everywhere,” he said.
The incident, which attracted media attention, has long since rankled members of the community. Some affluent Indian Americans do tend to vote for the Republican Party.
When Trump visited India in February 2020, he received a huge reception especially at an extravaganza organised in Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s home state of Gujarat.
Leaning Democratic
However, the majority of Indian Americans either identify with the Democratic Party or lean Democratic politically.
In the past, a 2012 Pew survey showed 65% of Indian Americans are Democrats or lean Democrat. According to a more recent 2020 survey that political scientist Karthick Ramakrishnan has conducted, 54% of Indian Americans are leaning toward the Democratic nominee, Joseph Biden, while 29% are in favour of the Republican incumbent, Donald Trump.
The same survey also shows that there are 1.8 million Indian Americans, whose vote in crucial swing states ranging from Arizona to Wisconsin could help tip the election one way or another.
There may be several likely explanations for the overwhelming level of support among Indian Americans for the Democratic Party. For the past several decades, Democrats have been more welcoming of immigrants and minorities.
And most Indian Americans tend to have more liberal political leanings. It may be worth noting that as many as 84% of the Indian American community had voted for President Obama.
Whether the same trend is repeated is yet to be seen.
Sumit Ganguly is a Distinguished Professor of Political Science and the Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations at the Indiana University.
This article first appeared on The Conversation.