Preparing meals in bulk and reheating is a great way to save time in the kitchen and can also help to reduce food waste. You might have heard the myth that you can only reheat food once before it becomes unsafe to eat.
The origins of food myths are often obscure but some become embedded in our culture and scientists feel compelled to study them, like the “five second rule” or “double-dipping”.
The good news is that by following some simple steps when preparing and storing foods, it is possible to safely reheat foods more than once.
Good bacteria, bad bacteria
There are many ways bacteria and viruses can end up in foods. They may occur naturally in environments where food is harvested or contaminate foods during processing or by food handlers.
Viruses won’t grow in foods and will be destroyed by cooking (or proper reheating). On the other hand, bacteria can grow in food. Not all bacteria make us sick. Some are even beneficial, such as probiotics in yoghurt or starter cultures used to make fermented foods.
However, some bacteria are not desirable in foods. These include bacteria which reproduce and cause physical changes making food unpalatable (or spoiled), and pathogens, which cause illness.
Some pathogens grow in our gut and cause symptoms of gastroenteritis, while others produce toxins (poisons) which cause us to become sick. Some bacteria even produce special structures, called endospores, which survive for a long time – even years – until they encounter favourable conditions which allow them to grow and produce toxins.
While cooking and reheating will generally kill pathogenic bacteria in foods, they may not destroy toxins or endospores. When it comes to reheating foods, toxins pose the greatest risk of illness.
The risk increases in foods which have been poorly handled or cooled too slowly after initial cooking or reheating, since these conditions may allow toxin-producing bacteria to grow and proliferate.
Bacteria that cause foodborne illness typically grow at temperatures between 5 degrees Celsius and 60 degrees Celsius (the “temperature danger zone”), with fastest growth occurring at around 37 degrees Celsius.
Foods that are best able to support the growth of these bacteria are deemed “potentially hazardous” and include foods or dishes containing meat, dairy, seafood, cooked rice or pasta, eggs or other protein-rich ingredients.
A common culprit of food poisoning linked to reheated foods is Staphylococcus aureus which many people carry in their nose or throat. It produces a heat-stable toxin which causes vomiting and diarrhoea when ingested.
Food handlers can transfer these bacteria from their hands to foods after cooking or reheating. If the contaminated food is kept within the temperature danger zone for an extended period, Staphylococcus aureus will grow and produce toxins. Subsequent reheating will destroy the bacteria but not the toxins.
Keeping food safe
To limit the growth of bacteria, potentially hazardous foods should be kept outside of the temperature danger zone as much as possible.
This means keeping cold foods cold (less than 5 degrees Celsius) and hot foods hot (above 60 degrees Celsius). It also means after cooking, potentially hazardous foods should be cooled to less than 5 degrees Celsius as quickly as possible. This also applies to reheated foods you want to save for later.
When cooling foods, Food Standards Australia New Zealand recommends the temperature should fall from 60 degrees Celsius to 21 degrees Celsius in less than two hours and be reduced to 5 degrees Celsius or colder in the next four hours.
In practice, this means transferring hot foods to shallow containers to cool to room temperature, and then transferring the covered containers to the fridge to continue cooling. It’s not a good idea to put hot foods straight into the fridge. This can cause the fridge temperature to increase above 5 degrees Celsius which may affect the safety of other foods inside.
If food has been hygienically prepared, cooled quickly after cooking (or reheating) and stored cold, reheating more than once should not increase the risk of illness. However, prolonged storage and repeated reheating will affect the taste, texture, and sometimes the nutritional quality of foods.
When it comes to safely reheating (and re-reheating) foods, there are a few things to consider:
- Always practice good hygiene when preparing foods
- After cooking, cool foods on the bench either in small portions or in shallow containers (increased surface area reduces cooling time) and put in the fridge within two hours. Food should be cold (less than 5 degrees Celsius) within the next four hours
- Try to reheat only the portion you intend to immediately consume and make sure it is piping hot throughout (or invest in a thermometer to ensure the internal temperature reaches 75 degrees Celsius)
- If you do not consume reheated food immediately, avoid handling it and return it to the fridge within two hours
- Err on the side of caution if reheating food for vulnerable people including children, elderly, pregnant or immunocompromised people. If in doubt, throw it out.
With the ever-increasing cost of food, buying in bulk, preparing meals in large quantities and storing unused portions is convenient and practical. Following a few simple common sense rules will keep stored food safe and minimise food waste.
Enzo Palombo is Professor of Microbiology, Swinburne University of Technology. Sarah McLean is Lecturer in environmental health, Swinburne University of Technology.
This article was first published on The Conversation.
